Author name: edgeimaging

A TMT test — Treadmill Test or Exercise Stress Test (EST) — is one of the most widely used non-invasive cardiac investigations for evaluating heart health, diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD), and assessing a patient’s functional capacity under controlled exercise stress. Also known as a cardiac stress test or exercise ECG test, the TMT test monitors your heart’s electrical activity, blood pressure, and clinical response as you exercise on a treadmill, revealing patterns of ischaemia (reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) that may not be apparent at rest. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we perform state-of-the-art TMT tests for patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains what the TMT test is, when it is recommended, how it is performed, how to prepare, what the results mean, and why Edge Imaging and Diagnostics is the trusted choice for cardiac stress testing in West Delhi. What Is a TMT Test? Full Medical Explanation The TMT test (Treadmill Test) is an exercise-based cardiac evaluation in which the patient walks on a motor-driven treadmill at progressively increasing speeds and inclines, following a standardized protocol (most commonly the Bruce Protocol or modified Bruce Protocol). Throughout the test, a 12-lead ECG (electrocardiogram) continuously monitors the heart’s electrical activity, blood pressure is measured at regular intervals, and the patient’s symptoms (chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fatigue) are carefully observed. The physiological rationale is elegant: when the heart’s oxygen demand increases during exercise, narrowed or blocked coronary arteries cannot adequately supply additional blood flow to the myocardium. This relative oxygen deficit (ischaemia) produces characteristic changes in the ECG (particularly ST-segment depression or elevation), which serve as diagnostic markers for significant coronary artery disease. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the exercise stress test has a sensitivity of approximately 68% and specificity of 77% for detecting significant coronary artery stenosis. When Is a TMT Test Recommended? Key Medical Indications Diagnostic Indications Suspected coronary artery disease (CAD): Patients with chest pain, tightness, pressure, or discomfort — particularly exercise-related angina — where CAD needs to be confirmed or excluded Unexplained exertional dyspnoea (breathlessness): Ruling out cardiac ischaemia as the cause of effort intolerance Atypical chest pain: When the nature of chest discomfort is not clearly cardiac or non-cardiac, the TMT test helps stratify risk Asymptomatic patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors: Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, strong family history of premature CAD Post-Cardiac Event or Intervention Assessment Post-myocardial infarction (heart attack): TMT test 4–6 weeks after an uncomplicated MI assesses residual ischaemia, exercise tolerance, and guides cardiac rehabilitation intensity Post-angioplasty (PCI) or stenting: Evaluation of treatment success and detection of restenosis within the stent Post-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): Assessment of graft function and residual ischaemia Risk Stratification and Fitness Assessment Pre-operative cardiac risk assessment: Before major non-cardiac surgery (joint replacement, abdominal surgery, vascular surgery) in patients with known or suspected CAD Cardiac fitness evaluation for employment or insurance: Police, defence, airlines, and some corporate sectors require periodic TMT tests Sports and exercise clearance: Athletes or individuals beginning a vigorous exercise program with cardiac risk factors Evaluation of exercise-induced arrhythmias: Patients with palpitations or syncope during exercise may have arrhythmias unmasked by the TMT test The Bruce Protocol — Understanding TMT Stages The standard Bruce Protocol used at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics consists of 7 stages of 3 minutes each, with progressive increases in treadmill speed and incline: Stage Speed (mph) Grade (%) Duration METs (Metabolic Equivalents) 1 1.7 10% 3 minutes 4.6 2 2.5 12% 3 minutes 7.0 3 3.4 14% 3 minutes 10.1 4 4.2 16% 3 minutes 13.0 5 5.0 18% 3 minutes 16.1 6 5.5 20% 3 minutes 19.1 7 6.0 22% 3 minutes 22.0 The Modified Bruce Protocol adds two additional warmup stages at lower workloads before Stage 1, making it suitable for elderly patients, deconditioned individuals, and those recovering from cardiac events. Most patients with clinical indications reach a diagnostic endpoint (85% of maximum predicted heart rate, or symptom limitation) within Stage 3 or 4. How Is the TMT Test Performed at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics? Step 1: Pre-Test Assessment On arrival at our Raghubir Nagar center, a trained cardiac technician or doctor reviews your clinical history, current medications, contraindications to exercise testing, and resting blood pressure. Resting 12-lead ECG is recorded to establish baseline cardiac electrical activity. If the resting ECG shows significant abnormalities (complete LBBB, pre-excitation, severe ST changes), alternative stress testing (pharmacological stress test, stress echocardiography, or nuclear perfusion imaging) may be more appropriate — our cardiac team will advise accordingly. Step 2: ECG Electrode Placement 10 ECG electrodes are attached to the patient’s chest and limbs to continuously record a 12-lead ECG throughout the test. A blood pressure cuff is applied to the upper arm for automatic BP measurement at each stage. The treadmill computer system displays all parameters in real time — ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and elapsed time. Step 3: Exercise Phase The test begins at Stage 1 (slow walking) and progressively increases in intensity every 3 minutes. Throughout the test, the supervising physician monitors: ECG for ST-segment changes (depression or elevation), new Q waves, T wave inversions, or arrhythmias Heart rate response and whether the target heart rate (85% of age-predicted maximum = 220 – age × 85%) is achieved Blood pressure response — normal rise, hypertensive response, or hypotensive response (a fall in BP during exercise is a red flag indicating severe CAD or left ventricular dysfunction) Symptoms — chest pain, dyspnoea, presyncope, claudication, severe fatigue Step 4: Test Endpoints (Why the Test Is Stopped) The TMT test is stopped when any of the following endpoints are reached: Diagnostic endpoint (positive test criteria): ST depression ≥1 mm (horizontal or downsloping), ST elevation ≥1 mm in non-Q leads Target heart rate achieved: 85% of age-predicted maximum HR (indicating adequate cardiac stress for diagnostic purposes) Symptom limitation: Significant chest pain, severe dyspnoea, or patient

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a proven, minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure that uses radiofrequency electrical energy to generate heat and destroy tumors and abnormal tissues with pinpoint precision. Since its introduction in the 1990s, RFA has become a well-established, evidence-backed treatment for liver tumors, kidney tumors, lung tumors, bone tumors, varicose veins, cardiac arrhythmias, and thyroid nodules. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our specialist interventional radiologists perform RFA using image guidance for patients across the region — including those from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains how RFA works, its applications, how it compares to microwave ablation, preparation, procedure details, recovery, and costs in Delhi. What Is Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)? The Science Explained Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses alternating radiofrequency electrical current (typically 375–500 kHz) delivered through a specialized RFA electrode needle placed directly into the target tissue. The radiofrequency current causes ionic agitation in the tissue surrounding the electrode tip, generating frictional heat that raises the local temperature to 60–100°C. At temperatures above 60°C, cellular proteins denature and cells undergo coagulative necrosis — the tissue equivalent of being cooked. The RFA electrode creates a precisely controlled zone of thermal destruction — the “ablation zone” — typically 2–4 cm in diameter per application. Multiple overlapping applications, or expandable multi-tine electrodes, allow treatment of larger tumors. The surrounding liver, kidney, or other normal organ tissue is partially protected from thermal damage by the natural cooling effect of blood flow in nearby vessels. RFA is supported by decades of clinical evidence and international guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), and the WHO for the treatment of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RFA Indications — What Conditions Are Treated at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics? RFA for Liver Tumors (Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Metastases) RFA of the liver is the most extensively studied and widely performed ablation procedure globally. Key indications include: Early-stage HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma): Single tumor ≤3 cm (or up to 3 tumors ≤3 cm each) in patients with cirrhosis who are not surgical candidates or who prefer non-surgical treatment. RFA achieves complete ablation in 80–95% of tumors ≤3 cm and provides median survival comparable to surgical resection in BCLC stage 0/A patients Colorectal liver metastases: Unresectable or limited liver metastases from colorectal cancer — RFA significantly improves overall survival when combined with systemic chemotherapy Liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: RFA effectively controls metastatic carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumor deposits, reducing hormonal symptoms Recurrent HCC after prior resection or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) RFA for Kidney Tumors (Renal Cell Carcinoma) Percutaneous CT-guided RFA of small renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an established, guideline-recommended treatment option for: Elderly patients or those with significant comorbidities who cannot tolerate partial nephrectomy Patients with solitary kidney (hereditary or post-surgical) requiring nephron-sparing treatment Patients with hereditary RCC syndromes (Von Hippel-Lindau, Birt-Hogg-Dubé) with multiple bilateral tumors Renal tumors ≤4 cm not involving the collecting system RFA for Lung Tumors CT-guided RFA of lung tumors is used for inoperable early-stage NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) and limited pulmonary metastases. It is particularly valuable for patients with severe pulmonary compromise who cannot tolerate surgical resection. Success rates (complete ablation) for tumors ≤3 cm range from 70–85%. RFA for Bone Tumors (Osteoid Osteoma) CT-guided RFA is the gold standard treatment for osteoid osteoma — a benign but extremely painful bone tumor, most common in adolescents and young adults. The characteristic severe nocturnal pain responds dramatically to salicylates but recurs without definitive treatment. CT-guided RFA destroys the nidus (the pain-generating center of the tumor) with pain relief rates exceeding 95% in a single outpatient procedure. This has completely replaced the need for surgical resection of osteoid osteoma in experienced centers. RFA for Thyroid Nodules Ultrasound-guided RFA of thyroid nodules is an effective alternative to surgery for: Benign symptomatic thyroid nodules causing compression symptoms or cosmetic concerns Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (toxic adenoma) causing hyperthyroidism Low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas in selected patients Recurrent thyroid cancer nodules in the thyroid bed not amenable to re-operation Other RFA Applications Varicose vein treatment (Endovenous RFA / EVLA): Minimally invasive thermal ablation of the great saphenous vein for varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency — replacing traditional surgical vein stripping Cardiac arrhythmia RFA: Cardiac electrophysiology-guided RFA for atrial fibrillation, SVT, and accessory pathway ablation — performed by cardiac electrophysiologists using catheter-based techniques Pain management: Facet joint RFA, genicular nerve RFA for knee osteoarthritis, and sacroiliac joint RFA for chronic back pain Adrenal tumor RFA RFA vs. Microwave Ablation vs. Surgery — Choosing the Right Treatment Parameter RFA Microwave Ablation (MWA) Surgical Resection Invasiveness Minimally invasive (needle through skin) Minimally invasive (needle through skin) Major surgery — large incision Anaesthesia Local + conscious sedation or GA Local + conscious sedation or GA General anaesthesia always required Hospital stay 1–3 days 1–3 days 5–14 days Best tumor size ≤3 cm (optimal); ≤5 cm (acceptable) ≤5 cm (often better than RFA for larger tumors) Any resectable size Perivascular tumors Suboptimal (heat sink effect) Better than RFA Good Multiple tumors Up to 3–5 in single session Up to 3–5 in single session Dependent on liver reserve Mortality risk <0.5% <0.5% 1–5% (hepatectomy) Evidence base Extensive — 20+ years of RCT data Growing — newer but compelling Gold standard for resectable disease The RFA Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Pre-Procedure Assessment and Planning Before RFA, our interventional radiologist reviews all available imaging (contrast CT, MRI, or PET-CT) to precisely characterize the target tumor — its size, location, relationship to hepatic vessels, bile ducts, and adjacent organs. Tumor histology (biopsy result) is confirmed. A multidisciplinary tumor board discussion ensures that RFA is the optimal treatment modality. Electrode Placement Under Image Guidance Under ultrasound or CT guidance, the RFA electrode is introduced through the skin and into the center of the target tumor. For ultrasound-guided RFA (most liver and thyroid cases), real-time needle

Microwave ablation (MWA) is a cutting-edge, minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure that uses microwave energy to generate intense heat within targeted tumors, destroying cancer cells without surgery. As one of the most advanced tumor ablation technologies available, microwave ablation offers patients — particularly those with liver tumors, lung tumors, kidney tumors, and thyroid nodules — a highly effective treatment option with significantly lower risk, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery than conventional surgery. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our interventional radiology team performs microwave ablation using state-of-the-art systems under real-time ultrasound or CT guidance, serving patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. What Is Microwave Ablation? How Does It Work? Microwave ablation (MWA) works by delivering focused microwave electromagnetic energy (typically at 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz frequencies) through a thin probe (antenna) placed directly into the tumor. The microwave energy causes water molecules in the tumor tissue to vibrate at extremely high speeds, generating friction and intense heat — reaching temperatures of 60–150°C within the ablation zone. At temperatures above 60°C, tumor cells undergo irreversible coagulative necrosis (cell death), creating a precisely controlled ablation zone that destroys the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Compared to its predecessor technology — radiofrequency ablation (RFA) — microwave ablation offers several clinical advantages: larger ablation zones, faster ablation times, higher intratumoral temperatures, better performance in tumors adjacent to blood vessels (which can act as a “heat sink” cooling the ablation zone in RFA), and consistent performance in both dry and wet tissue types. According to evidence reviewed on PubMed/NCBI, MWA demonstrates local tumor control rates of 85–95% for appropriately selected liver tumors up to 5 cm. Microwave Ablation vs. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) — Key Differences Feature Microwave Ablation (MWA) Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Energy type Microwave electromagnetic energy Radiofrequency electrical current Maximum temperature Up to 150°C 100–105°C (limited by tissue carbonization) Ablation zone size Larger (up to 5–6 cm in a single application) Smaller per application (2–4 cm) Ablation speed Faster (3–10 minutes per tumor) Slower (10–30 minutes per tumor) Heat sink effect Significantly less affected by blood vessels Significantly affected — vessels cool the ablation zone Multiple antennas Can use multiple simultaneously for larger tumors Possible but less common Best for Larger tumors, perivascular tumors, lung tumors, thyroid Smaller tumors in accessible locations Grounding pads Not required (no electrical circuit) Required (large skin grounding pads needed) What Conditions Are Treated with Microwave Ablation? Liver Tumors — Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Metastases The liver is the most common target for microwave ablation in oncological practice. MWA is indicated for: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): In patients with HCC tumors ≤5 cm who are not surgical candidates (due to poor liver function, Child-Pugh B/C cirrhosis, multifocal disease, or patient refusal of surgery). MWA achieves complete ablation in over 90% of HCC tumors ≤3 cm, with 5-year survival rates comparable to surgical resection in carefully selected patients Colorectal liver metastases: Patients with limited liver metastases from colorectal cancer who are unresectable or who have refused surgery. MWA combined with systemic chemotherapy significantly improves progression-free survival Liver metastases from other primary cancers (neuroendocrine tumors, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma) Recurrent liver tumors after prior surgical resection or ablation Lung Tumors Microwave ablation of lung tumors is an effective treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients who cannot tolerate surgery — particularly elderly patients, those with severe COPD, or patients with compromised pulmonary function where lobectomy would be fatal. MWA can also treat limited pulmonary metastases (from colorectal, renal, or sarcoma primaries). CT-guided lung MWA is performed at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics with immediate post-procedure CT to confirm adequate ablation and check for pneumothorax. Kidney Tumors (Renal Cell Carcinoma) For small renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors ≤3–4 cm in patients who are poor surgical candidates (elderly patients, those with solitary kidney, hereditary RCC syndromes with multiple tumors, or bilateral tumors), microwave ablation provides excellent local tumor control with nephron-sparing results. CT or ultrasound-guided renal MWA at our Delhi center is performed under conscious sedation or general anaesthesia. Thyroid Nodules Microwave ablation of thyroid nodules is an emerging, minimally invasive alternative to thyroid surgery for: Benign symptomatic thyroid nodules: Large colloid or adenomatous nodules causing compressive symptoms (dysphagia, hoarseness, neck discomfort) or cosmetic concerns — MWA causes progressive nodule shrinkage (typically 50–80% volume reduction over 6–12 months) without hypothyroidism Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (toxic adenoma): Causing hyperthyroidism — MWA normalizes thyroid function with high success rates and no radiation Low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: In carefully selected patients who are not candidates for or refuse surgery — MWA with ultrasound guidance achieves local control in the majority of cases Adrenal Tumors CT-guided microwave ablation of adrenal metastases (from lung, colorectal, or renal primary cancers) and selected primary adrenal tumors is performed at our Delhi center. For pheochromocytoma, careful pre-procedural alpha-blockade is essential to prevent hypertensive crisis during ablation. Bone Tumors (Osteoid Osteoma and Metastatic Bone Disease) CT-guided microwave ablation is highly effective for osteoid osteoma — a benign painful bone tumor — providing complete pain relief in over 95% of patients in a single session. For metastatic bone disease, MWA provides effective local tumor control and significant pain palliation. Who Is a Candidate for Microwave Ablation? Microwave ablation is not suitable for every patient. Careful patient selection is critical for optimal outcomes. General criteria for MWA candidacy include: Liver MWA: Liver tumor(s) ≤5 cm (ideally ≤3 cm for best results), no more than 3 tumors in most cases (some centers treat up to 5), adequate liver function (Child-Pugh A or B), tumor not touching the main bile duct or major hepatic veins Lung MWA: Peripheral lung tumor ≤3 cm, no central airway involvement, adequate contralateral lung function Renal MWA: Renal tumor ≤4 cm, tumor not in the central collecting system Thyroid MWA: Benign or low-risk nodule confirmed by prior FNAC, adequate technical access General requirements: Correctable coagulopathy (INR ≤1.5, platelets ≥50,000), no

A veterinary CT scan — Computed Tomography for animal patients — has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment planning of complex conditions in companion animals, exotic pets, and large animals. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we provide advanced veterinary CT scanning services for dogs, cats, rabbits, birds (avian CT), small mammals, and selected larger animal species. Our state-of-the-art multi-detector CT scanner, combined with specialized veterinary anaesthesia expertise, delivers the highest quality cross-sectional images that give your veterinarian the definitive information needed for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. Pet owners and veterinarians from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri have trusted our veterinary CT services for advanced diagnostics. This comprehensive guide covers what veterinary CT scanning involves, which species benefit, specific applications, preparation, costs, and why Edge Imaging and Diagnostics is Delhi’s leading veterinary CT center. What Is a Veterinary CT Scan? Technology and Principles A veterinary CT scan uses a rotating X-ray beam paired with sensitive detectors and powerful computer algorithms to generate detailed cross-sectional (axial) images of the body. Unlike conventional X-rays (which superimpose all structures into a single flat image), CT creates individual thin “slices” of anatomy — typically 0.5–1.25 mm thick — that can be stacked into 3D volumetric datasets. These can then be reconstructed into multiplanar views (coronal, sagittal, axial) and 3D surface or volume renderings for comprehensive anatomical assessment. Modern multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanners acquire multiple slices simultaneously, reducing scan time to seconds — critically important in veterinary patients who must be under general anaesthesia, as shorter scan time means shorter anaesthesia duration and reduced risk. Why Veterinary CT Scans Are Superior to Standard X-Rays Feature Conventional X-Ray Veterinary CT Scan Dimensionality 2D (flat, superimposed) True 3D cross-sectional imaging Bone detail Good Excellent — fracture lines, bone quality, joint surfaces Soft tissue contrast Poor Good — distinguishes fat, fluid, muscle, organ tissue Nasal cavity evaluation Limited Excellent — turbinate destruction, sinus involvement Lung nodule detection Misses nodules <1 cm Detects nodules as small as 2–3 mm Vascular assessment Not possible without contrast CT angiography for portal shunts, tumor vascularity 3D surgical planning Not possible Detailed 3D models for pre-surgical planning Orthopaedic assessment Good basic assessment Elbow dysplasia, OCD, pelvic fractures — far superior Animals That Benefit from Veterinary CT Scanning at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Dogs (Canine CT Scan) Dogs are the most common veterinary CT patients at our Delhi center. Canine CT indications include brain and spinal cord disease (seizures, disc herniation, brain tumors), cancer staging (thorax + abdomen CT for metastatic disease), nasal and sinus tumors, elbow dysplasia, complex fractures, porto-systemic shunt mapping (CT angiography), adrenal tumors, and urinary tract assessment. For detailed information, see our dedicated Dog CT Scan in Delhi guide. Cats (Feline CT Scan) Cats are the second most common veterinary CT patients. Feline CT excels at characterizing thoracic disease (pleural effusion, mediastinal masses, asthma), urinary tract disease (ureteral obstruction from calculi — extremely common in cats), head CT for middle ear and tympanic bullae disease, skull CT for dental disease, nasal tumors, and cancer staging. Detailed feline CT information is in our dedicated Cat CT Scan in Delhi guide. Rabbits (Lagomorph CT Scan) Rabbits are increasingly common pets in Delhi and require specialized veterinary imaging. Veterinary CT is particularly valuable for rabbits with: Dental disease: Rabbit dental anatomy is complex and molar/premolar root problems (often deep in the jaw) require CT for diagnosis and surgical planning. Dental CT is arguably the most common CT indication in pet rabbits Vestibular disease (head tilt / torticollis): CT of the skull and tympanic bullae identifies Encephalitozoon cuniculi (EC) lesions, otitis media/interna, or intracranial disease Uterine disease (pyometra, uterine adenocarcinoma): CT abdomen characterizes uterine masses and metastatic disease in intact female rabbits Liver lobe torsion Spondylosis and spinal disease Birds (Avian CT Scan) Avian CT scanning is a highly specialized area where our team provides valuable diagnostic support. Birds have unique anatomy — air sacs, pneumatized bones, unique respiratory system — requiring specific positioning and CT protocols. Common avian CT indications include: Respiratory disease: Air sacculitis, mycobacteriosis, aspergillosis, and foreign body aspiration — CT reveals extent of lung and air sac involvement far beyond what plain radiographs can show Coelomicmasses: Liver disease, gonadal tumors, reproductive tract disease in psittacines and raptors Skeletal disease: Fracture assessment in raptors and psittacines; metabolic bone disease Nasal and sinus disease: Rhinitis and sinusitis extent in large parrots Other Small Mammals Guinea pigs, ferrets, chinchillas, and small exotic mammals can also benefit from CT scanning for dental disease, respiratory conditions, abdominal masses, and skeletal trauma. Anaesthetic protocols for exotic small mammals require specialized expertise — our veterinary team has experience with these species. Common Clinical Applications of Veterinary CT at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics 1. Veterinary CT for Nasal Cavity and Sinus Disease Nasal tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphoma in cats) are a major indication for veterinary CT. CT precisely defines the tumor extent — whether it has invaded the cribriform plate (bone separating the nasal cavity from the brain), orbit, and palate. This information is absolutely critical for radiation therapy planning. CT also diagnoses chronic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and foreign bodies (including grass seeds embedded in the nasal cavity). 2. Veterinary CT for Cancer Staging Before surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy for any malignant tumor, CT staging of the thorax and abdomen is essential to detect metastatic disease — pulmonary nodules (lung metastases), enlarged regional lymph nodes, and distant organ spread. CT can detect pulmonary metastases as small as 2–3 mm — compared to radiography which misses lesions smaller than 8–10 mm. Accurate staging changes management decisions in a significant proportion of cancer cases. 3. Veterinary CT for Porto-Systemic Shunts (Liver Shunts) CT angiography (CTA) is the gold standard for diagnosing and mapping congenital porto-systemic shunts in dogs and cats. CTA identifies the shunt type (intrahepatic vs. extrahepatic), location, size, and relationship to the portal vein and hepatic vasculature — information essential for the surgeon planning

A cat MRI scan — Magnetic Resonance Imaging for feline patients — is the most powerful soft tissue diagnostic imaging procedure available in veterinary medicine. For cats presenting with neurological signs, spinal cord dysfunction, mysterious internal masses, or conditions requiring precise anatomical mapping before surgery, an MRI provides information that no other imaging modality can match. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we offer high-quality MRI scanning for cats, extending our advanced human-grade imaging technology to our feline patients. We serve cat owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This complete guide covers why cats need MRI, specific indications, how to prepare your cat, the scanning procedure, recovery, cost in Delhi, and the advantages of choosing Edge Imaging and Diagnostics for your cat’s MRI. Why Is MRI Preferred Over CT for Certain Cat Conditions? CT and MRI are complementary technologies, each excelling in different clinical scenarios. For cats, the key situations where MRI is preferred over CT include: Brain diseases: MRI shows grey matter vs. white matter differentiation, subtle cortical abnormalities, inflammatory changes in the meninges, and very small lesions (<5 mm) that CT cannot reliably detect Spinal cord conditions: MRI detects intramedullary (within-cord) signal changes indicating compression, ischaemia (infarction), or inflammation — changes invisible to CT Nerve sheath tumors: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are detected and delineated with MRI’s superior contrast resolution Joint diseases: Ligament, tendon, and cartilage abnormalities in joints are far better visualized on MRI Soft tissue extent of head and neck tumors: Perineural invasion and intracranial extension of oral or nasal tumors are better assessed on MRI No radiation: For conditions requiring repeated imaging (e.g., monitoring a known brain tumor), MRI allows repeated assessments without cumulative radiation dose Medical Indications for Cat MRI Scan Feline Neurological Conditions Brain tumors: Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor in cats — far more common than in dogs. Cats with meningioma can be treated surgically (craniotomy) or with palliative radiation. MRI provides essential pre-surgical mapping of tumor location, size, and vascular supply. Other feline brain tumors include lymphoma, glioma, and pituitary adenoma Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) — neurological form: CNS FIP causes granulomatous meningoencephalitis; MRI shows periventricular enhancement, hydrocephalus, and parenchymal signal changes characteristic of this condition Seizures: MRI brain is indicated for cats with new-onset seizures, refractory seizures, or seizures accompanied by other neurological signs to exclude structural intracranial disease Vestibular disease: Cats presenting with sudden head tilt, rolling, and nystagmus from central (intracranial) causes — cerebrovascular accident, cerebellar lesion — require MRI brain for assessment; MRI also characterizes middle ear pathology causing peripheral vestibular signs with superior soft tissue detail compared to CT Cerebellar ataxia: Conditions including cerebellar hypoplasia (from in-utero panleukopenia infection), cerebellar neoplasia, and degenerative cerebellar disease Feline Spinal and Disc Disease Spinal cord lymphoma: One of the most common causes of acute paralysis in cats — MRI identifies extradural lymphoma compressing the spinal cord and assesses cord signal changes guiding prognosis Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in cats: Less common than in dogs but can occur, particularly in Manx cats and older cats. MRI localizes the disc herniation and grades cord compression for surgical planning Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE): An ischaemic myelopathy — MRI identifies the focal cord signal change, confirming the diagnosis and guiding prognosis Vertebral discospondylitis Spinal arachnoid cysts and diverticula Head and Neck Conditions Nasal lymphoma extent assessment: MRI provides superior detail of cribriform plate involvement and orbital extension compared to CT Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Mandibular bone invasion and tongue/floor of mouth involvement Retrobulbar masses and orbital disease Pituitary macroadenoma causing acromegaly (insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in cats) Soft Tissue and Abdominal Conditions Complex soft tissue masses requiring precise surgical planning (perianal tumors, limb sarcomas, retroperitoneal masses) Adrenal mass characterization: Differentiating pheochromocytoma from adenoma or adenocarcinoma Hepatic and pancreatic masses in cats where CT characterization is equivocal Unique Considerations for Cat MRI Compared to Dog MRI While the technical principles are the same, feline MRI requires specific expertise and adaptations: Smaller anatomy: Cat brains and spinal cords are small — MRI sequences must use thinner slices (1–2 mm rather than 3–4 mm) and higher resolution matrices to visualize small lesions. This requires longer scanning times RF coil selection: Appropriately sized head and body coils ensure optimal signal-to-noise ratio for feline anatomy Anaesthetic duration: Cat MRI can take 60–90 minutes or longer — maintaining stable anaesthesia for this duration in cats requires careful attention to temperature, fluid balance, and cardiovascular monitoring Contrast agents: Gadolinium contrast agents for MRI are dosed by body weight, precisely calculated for cats to provide adequate enhancement without toxicity Disease-specific protocols: FIP, meningioma, and lymphoma have specific MRI features in cats that require tailored imaging protocols Preparing Your Cat for an MRI Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Fasting: No food for 8–12 hours before the MRI. Water permitted up to 2–4 hours beforehand — please confirm exact instructions when booking Carry all prior records: Blood tests (within 4 weeks), ultrasound/CT reports, neurology consultation notes, and a detailed referral letter from your veterinarian Medication list: Include all medications — especially anticonvulsants, methimazole (for hyperthyroid cats), steroids, and cardiac medications. Some drugs interact with MRI contrast agents or anaesthetic agents Secure transport: Use a solid, secure cat carrier. Spray it with Feliway (feline pheromone) the night before to reduce anxiety No metal accessories: Remove collars with metal tags, metal identification plates, or harnesses before arrival Pre-anaesthetic blood screen: CBC, biochemistry, T4 (for cats over 7 years), and cardiac assessment where indicated Hyperthyroid cats: Inform our team of any hyperthyroidism — these cats have higher anaesthetic risk and require specific protocol modifications The Cat MRI Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Pre-MRI Assessment and IV Catheter Placement Our veterinary team assesses your cat’s physical status, reviews blood results, and places an IV catheter (typically cephalic vein) for drug administration. A pre-medication (anxiolytic and analgesic combination) may be given to smooth anaesthetic induction, reduce anxiety, and minimize

A dog MRI scan is the gold standard diagnostic imaging procedure for evaluating soft tissue diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system in canine patients. When your veterinarian suspects a neurological condition, a spinal cord disorder, or a soft tissue mass that requires detailed characterization beyond what CT, X-ray, or ultrasound can provide, an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan gives unparalleled soft tissue contrast resolution without using ionizing radiation. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we offer advanced MRI scanning for dogs, serving pet owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains when dogs need an MRI, the difference between dog MRI and dog CT, how to prepare your dog, what happens during the scan, the cost in Delhi, and post-procedure care. What Is a Dog MRI Scan? How It Works Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) creates detailed images of the body’s soft tissues using powerful magnetic fields and radio waves — without any ionizing radiation (X-rays). The MRI scanner’s strong magnetic field temporarily aligns hydrogen protons in the body’s water molecules. A radiofrequency pulse is then applied, which disturbs this alignment; as the protons “relax” back to their original position, they release energy that is detected by receiver coils and processed by sophisticated computer algorithms into detailed images. MRI provides far superior soft tissue contrast compared to CT — it can differentiate grey matter from white matter in the brain, show subtle spinal cord signal changes indicating inflammation or compression, and clearly delineate tumor margins from surrounding normal tissue. These properties make dog MRI the definitive imaging modality for most neurological conditions in veterinary medicine. Dog MRI vs. Dog CT Scan — Which Does Your Dog Need? Feature Dog MRI Scan Dog CT Scan Best for Brain parenchyma, spinal cord, nerve sheath tumors, soft tissue masses, perineural invasion Bone, lung, nasal cavity, thorax, abdomen, orthopaedic assessment, cancer staging Radiation None (uses magnetic fields and radio waves) Low-dose X-ray radiation Scan time 30–90 minutes (longer) 10–25 minutes (faster) Soft tissue contrast Exceptional — best available Good Bone detail Good but inferior to CT Excellent Anaesthesia required Yes — must be absolutely still Yes Gadolinium contrast Available (for lesion enhancement and vascularity) Iodinated contrast used Cost Generally higher than CT Generally lower than MRI Contraindications Metallic implants (pacemakers, certain orthopaedic hardware) Renal impairment (for contrast); high radiation dose When Is a Dog MRI Scan Recommended? Medical Indications Neurological Conditions Brain tumors: MRI is the imaging modality of choice for brain tumors — meningioma, glioma, choroid plexus tumor, pituitary macroadenoma (Cushing’s disease work-up), and secondary metastatic deposits. MRI delineates tumor extent, degree of edema, mass effect, and relationship to critical brain structures with unsurpassed clarity Encephalitis and meningitis: Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME), steroid-responsive meningitis, and infectious encephalitis (distemper, neosporosis, toxoplasmosis) — MRI shows parenchymal signal changes, leptomeningeal enhancement, and ventricular involvement Hydrocephalus: MRI precisely measures ventricular dilation and identifies the level of CSF obstruction Cerebrovascular disease: Ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke in dogs — MRI diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) detects acute infarcts hours before conventional CT or MRI sequences Epilepsy / refractory seizures: In dogs with seizures not controlled by medication, MRI brain identifies subtle lesions including focal cortical dysplasia, cortical atrophy, and neoplasms that may be invisible on CT Spinal Cord and Disc Disease Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD): Hansen Type I (acute disc herniation causing compression) and Hansen Type II (chronic disc bulging) — MRI is the gold standard for precise localization of disc herniation, assessment of spinal cord compression severity, and detection of cord signal change (myelomalacia) Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE): MRI is the only modality that can diagnose this condition (an ischaemic non-compressive myelopathy) — showing focal spinal cord signal change without disc herniation Spinal tumors: Nerve sheath tumors (most common spinal cord tumor in dogs), meningioma, and metastatic spinal disease — MRI with contrast provides exquisite tumor characterization Syringomyelia: Especially important in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels — MRI identifies Chiari-like malformation and associated syrinx formation Discospondylitis: Bacterial or fungal infection of the disc space — MRI shows disc/vertebral signal changes and epidural abscess formation Head and Neck Conditions Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease Retrobulbar masses and orbital disease Inner/middle ear disease Nasopharyngeal masses Peripheral nerve sheath tumor of cranial nerves Soft Tissue Mass Assessment For soft tissue masses anywhere in the body where precise characterization of tissue composition, extent, involvement of adjacent structures (vessels, nerves, fascial planes), and surgical margins is critical, MRI provides superior information to CT. This is particularly important for splenic masses, perianal tumors, and limb sarcomas where preservation of adjacent neurovascular structures determines surgical approach. How to Prepare Your Dog for an MRI Scan in Delhi Fasting (NPO): Your dog must not eat for 8–12 hours before the MRI scan. Water can be offered up to 2–4 hours before. Fasting is essential to minimize aspiration risk during anaesthesia Metal implant screening: Inform our team of any metallic implants — orthopaedic plates, screws, pins, pins, pacemakers, or microchips. Most modern dog microchips are MRI compatible but must be declared. Some orthopaedic implants may create artifacts affecting image quality Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: CBC, biochemistry, and urinalysis (within 4 weeks) confirming your dog is medically fit for anaesthesia Bring all prior medical records: X-rays, ultrasound, CT reports, previous MRI, neurology examination findings, and your vet’s detailed referral letter Grooming: Remove any metal accessories (collars with metal tags, harnesses with metal buckles) before arrival Medication list: List all current medications including anticonvulsants (phenobarbitone, potassium bromide, levetiracetam), steroids, and NSAIDs Companion for your dog: Arrange for someone to drive your dog home — you should not leave a groggy post-anaesthetic dog alone The Dog MRI Scan Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Pre-MRI Clinical Assessment Our veterinary team performs a brief physical examination on arrival, including cardiovascular auscultation and neurological assessment where appropriate. An IV catheter is placed, body weight is recorded for accurate drug dosing, and the planned anaesthetic protocol is confirmed. Any concerns about

A cat CT scan is a specialized veterinary imaging procedure that uses computed tomography technology to create detailed, three-dimensional images of your cat’s internal anatomy. When your veterinarian suspects a complex disease affecting the brain, spine, chest, abdomen, or musculoskeletal system in your feline companion, a CT scan often provides the definitive diagnostic information needed to guide treatment. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we proudly extend our advanced CT imaging capabilities to feline patients, helping cats from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri receive the highest level of diagnostic care. This complete guide explains everything cat owners need to know about the cat CT scan procedure — from medical indications and how to prepare your cat, to what happens on the day of the scan, recovery, results, and costs in Delhi. Why Would a Cat Need a CT Scan? Key Medical Indications Cats are remarkably stoic animals, often concealing pain and illness until disease is quite advanced. Conventional veterinary diagnostics (physical examination, blood tests, X-rays, and ultrasound) are valuable tools but have inherent limitations in detecting and characterizing complex internal diseases. A cat CT scan provides cross-sectional anatomical images with soft tissue, bone, and vascular detail that far exceeds what any other non-invasive modality can offer. Neurological Indications for Cat CT Scan Unexplained seizures: CT brain scan identifies structural causes — meningioma (one of the most common brain tumors in cats), FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) granulomas, hydrocephalus, and brain cysts Vestibular disease: Cats with sudden head tilt, rolling, and nystagmus may have middle ear disease or intracranial lesions — CT of the skull base and tympanic bullae is the gold standard diagnostic Spinal cord disease: Hindlimb weakness or paralysis from disc disease, spinal cord lymphoma, or vertebral fracture requires CT myelography or MRI for precise localization Behavioral changes: Sudden personality changes or cognitive decline in older cats may indicate intracranial disease Head trauma: CT rapidly assesses skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage after road accidents — common in Delhi’s urban cat population Oncology — Cancer Diagnosis and Staging in Cats Lymphoma staging: Feline lymphoma (the most common cancer in cats) — CT evaluates mediastinal, abdominal, and multicentric lymphoma distribution for treatment planning Nasal lymphoma or carcinoma: Nasal CT precisely delineates tumor extent, orbital involvement, and cribriform plate invasion for radiation therapy planning Oral squamous cell carcinoma: CT evaluates bone invasion and lymph node involvement for surgical resectability assessment Thoracic CT for metastasis screening: In cats with known primary tumors, CT chest detects pulmonary metastases far earlier than radiographs Thymoma or mediastinal masses: CT chest is essential for characterizing cranial mediastinal masses in cats Chest (Thoracic) Conditions in Cats Pleural effusion investigation: Identifying the underlying cause of fluid around the lungs (chylothorax, pyothorax, neoplasia, cardiac disease) Feline asthma and bronchial disease: CT characterizes airway changes, mucus plugging, and air trapping Pulmonary masses or infiltrates: Distinguishing primary lung tumors, metastatic deposits, or fungal infections Tracheal stenosis or collapse Abdominal and Urinary Conditions Hepatic masses: Characterizing liver tumors, cysts, or hepatic lipidosis complications Urinary obstruction or urolithiasis: Identifying ureteral stones causing obstruction — common in cats; CT urogram provides a “roadmap” for ureteroscopy or surgery Hypertrophic obstructive uropathy Adrenal tumors: Pheochromocytoma or adenocarcinoma in hyperthyroid or hypertensive cats Pancreatic masses Orthopaedic and Dental/Oral Conditions Complex fractures: Especially pelvic, mandibular, and vertebral fractures common after road trauma Oral and dental disease: CT of the jaw, teeth, and skull detects tooth root abscesses, mandibular osteomyelitis, and oral tumor bone invasion Chronic osteomyelitis Temporomandibular joint ankylosis What Makes a Cat CT Scan Unique Compared to Dog CT Scans? While the CT technology is the same, cats present unique challenges and considerations compared to dogs: Smaller size: Cats typically weigh 3–6 kg, requiring lower anaesthetic doses calculated carefully by weight. Slice thickness is typically thinner to maximize resolution for small anatomical structures Respiratory rate: Cats breathe faster than dogs; respiratory gating or breath-hold techniques may be used for thoracic CT to minimize motion blur in lung imaging Specific feline diseases: Certain conditions are unique to cats or much more common in cats — feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline asthma, hyperthyroidism with cardiac effects, and feline lower urinary tract disease — and CT protocols are adapted accordingly Contrast media: Iodinated contrast volumes are calculated precisely by weight for feline patients to ensure adequate enhancement without nephrotoxicity Temperature regulation: Cats lose body heat rapidly under anaesthesia; active warming with a Bair Hugger or warm water blanket is essential throughout the procedure How to Prepare Your Cat for a CT Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Fasting (NPO): Your cat must not eat for 8–12 hours before the scan. Water can usually be offered up to 2–4 hours before — confirm with our team. Fasting is essential to prevent aspiration during anaesthesia Transportation: Use a secure, well-ventilated carrier for transporting your cat. A familiar-smelling blanket or toy inside the carrier helps reduce stress Bring all medical records: Previous blood results (within 4 weeks), X-ray/ultrasound reports, and your veterinarian’s referral letter specifying the clinical question List all current medications: Include all oral medications, transdermal drugs (methimazole, fentanyl patches), and supplements Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: A recent CBC, biochemistry, and T4 (for older cats to screen for hyperthyroidism) are essential for anaesthetic safety. Your referring vet may have completed these; if not, our team can arrange Inform us of any anxiety or aggression: Stressed or fractious cats may require pre-visit sedative prescribed by your vet — discuss this with our team in advance Do not apply flea treatments or topical medications on the day of the scan The Cat CT Scan Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Pre-Anaesthetic Assessment Upon arrival at our Delhi center, our veterinary team performs a physical examination, reviews blood results, assesses hydration, and confirms an IV catheter is placed — typically in the cephalic (foreleg) vein. An accurate body weight is recorded for precise drug dosing. If the cat is severely stressed or anxious,

If your veterinarian has recommended a dog CT scan for your beloved canine companion, you are likely looking for a trustworthy, technically advanced facility that combines veterinary expertise with human-grade diagnostic imaging technology. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we extend our state-of-the-art CT scanning capabilities to veterinary patients, offering high-resolution CT scans for dogs that provide your vet with the detailed anatomical information needed for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. We serve pet owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This complete guide will explain what a dog CT scan involves, when it is needed, how to prepare your pet, what to expect on the day of the scan, and why Edge Imaging and Diagnostics is the leading choice for veterinary CT scanning in Delhi. What Is a Dog CT Scan? Understanding Computed Tomography for Canines A dog CT scan (Computed Tomography scan) uses a rotating X-ray beam and advanced computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images (slices) of the dog’s internal anatomy. Unlike a standard X-ray, which produces a flat, two-dimensional shadow image, CT creates three-dimensional volumetric data that can be reconstructed to visualize bones, soft tissues, organs, blood vessels, and airways from any angle. CT scanning for dogs requires general anaesthesia — unlike in human patients, dogs cannot lie still inside the scanner for the 10–30 minutes required for a complete scan. Anaesthesia ensures the dog remains completely motionless, which is essential for obtaining high-quality, motion-free images. The anaesthesia is administered and monitored by a qualified veterinary anaesthesiologist or experienced veterinarian throughout the scan. When Is a Dog CT Scan Recommended? Key Medical Indications A dog CT scan provides diagnostic information that is simply not obtainable with routine X-rays, ultrasound, or physical examination alone. Your veterinarian may recommend a dog CT scan in the following situations: Neurological Conditions Suspected brain tumor, brain cyst, or hydrocephalus: CT brain scans in dogs are used to evaluate intracranial mass lesions, hydrocephalus, brain atrophy, and traumatic brain injury Seizures of unknown cause: Unexplained seizures in dogs warrant a CT brain scan to rule out structural intracranial pathology Disc disease (IVDD): Intervertebral disc disease causing paralysis or paresis — CT myelogram (CT with intrathecal contrast) pinpoints the exact disc herniation level and guides surgical planning Spinal cord compression: CT combined with myelography identifies the extent and nature of spinal cord compression Head trauma: Post-traumatic CT assesses skull fractures, brain contusion, and intracranial hemorrhage Oncology (Cancer Diagnosis and Staging) Staging of known malignancy: CT chest + abdomen is the gold standard for detecting pulmonary metastases, lymph node involvement, and distant organ spread before surgery or chemotherapy decisions Characterization of masses: CT helps determine the extent, vascularity, and resectability of primary tumors (nasal tumors, oral tumors, splenic masses, adrenal tumors) Nasal tumors: Nasal cavity CT is essential for evaluating extent of nasal tumors, cribriform plate involvement, and orbital invasion — critical information for radiation therapy planning Lymphoma staging: CT assesses lymph node distribution and organ involvement in lymphoma patients Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Conditions Complex fractures: CT with 3D reconstruction provides surgical teams with the exact fracture pattern and fragment position for complex long bone, pelvic, or vertebral fractures Elbow dysplasia: CT is the most accurate method for diagnosing fragmented coronoid process (FCP), osteochondrosis (OCD), and elbow incongruity — far superior to plain radiographs Hip dysplasia: CT precisely quantifies femoral head coverage and acetabular morphology for surgical planning Dental and jaw disease: CT of the skull and jaw reveals tooth root abscesses, mandibular fractures, and temporomandibular joint disease Thoracic (Chest) Conditions Lung masses or nodules: CT chest detects small pulmonary nodules missed on X-ray, characterizes primary lung tumors, and identifies metastatic deposits Tracheal/airway abnormalities: Tracheal collapse severity, bronchiectasis, and mediastinal masses Pleural effusion investigation: Underlying cause of pleural fluid Cardiac and pericardial masses Abdominal Conditions Liver, spleen, and pancreatic masses Adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma) Urinary tract obstruction or masses: Renal and ureteral calculi, bladder tumors, prostatic disease Porto-systemic shunts: CT angiography for precise mapping of congenital porto-systemic shunts before surgical ligation Gastrointestinal obstruction How to Prepare Your Dog for a CT Scan Because a dog CT scan requires general anaesthesia, preparation is critical for your dog’s safety: Fasting (NPO): Your dog must not eat for 8–12 hours before the scheduled CT scan. Water can usually be offered up to 2–4 hours before, but confirm with our team. Fasting prevents aspiration of stomach contents during anaesthesia Bring all prior medical records: Previous X-rays, ultrasound reports, blood test results, and your veterinarian’s referral letter Collar and leash: Please bring your dog on a secure leash with an ID collar Inform us of all medications: Some medications (steroids, anticonvulsants, sedatives) may interact with anaesthetic agents. List all current medications including herbal or alternative treatments Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: Our veterinary team may require a recent CBC and biochemistry panel (completed within 2–4 weeks) to confirm your dog is safe for anaesthesia — particularly for older dogs or those with known systemic disease Inform us of any prior anaesthetic complications: If your dog has had adverse reactions to previous anaesthesia or sedation, our team must know in advance Do not give sedatives at home unless specifically prescribed by our veterinary team What Happens During Your Dog’s CT Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Pre-CT Veterinary Assessment Upon arrival at our Raghubir Nagar center, our veterinary team conducts a brief physical examination and reviews your dog’s medical history and referral notes. An IV catheter is placed in a peripheral vein (typically the cephalic vein in the foreleg) for anaesthetic drug administration and IV fluid support. Induction and Maintenance of Anaesthesia General anaesthesia is induced via IV injection of an appropriate induction agent (e.g., propofol). Once your dog is unconscious, an endotracheal tube is placed to maintain a secure airway, and anaesthesia is maintained with inhalational anaesthetic (isoflurane or sevoflurane) carried in oxygen. Vital parameters — heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, and

FNAC — Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology — is one of the most widely used, minimally invasive diagnostic procedures in clinical medicine. A fast, safe, and highly accurate technique, FNAC allows doctors to obtain cellular material from a palpable or image-detected lump, mass, lymph node, or cystic swelling for microscopic examination — without surgery, without general anaesthesia, and often within a single clinic visit. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our expert team performs FNAC with precision and speed, serving patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide covers what FNAC is, when it is recommended, how it is done, its accuracy, preparation, and what your results mean. What Is FNAC? A Complete Medical Explanation FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) is a minimally invasive procedure in which a fine needle (typically 22–25 gauge — finer than a standard blood draw needle) attached to a syringe is inserted into a mass or lesion to aspirate (withdraw) cells. The aspirated cellular material is smeared onto glass slides, stained with appropriate dyes, and examined under a microscope by a trained cytopathologist (a specialist doctor in cell examination). FNAC differs from a core needle biopsy (CNB) or CT guided biopsy in that it samples individual cells (cytology) rather than intact tissue architecture (histology). While histopathology provides more structural information, FNAC offers a quick, low-risk answer to the critical clinical question: “Is this lump benign or malignant?” According to research on PubMed/NCBI, FNAC sensitivity for malignancy diagnosis in experienced centers ranges from 85–98%, making it an indispensable first-line diagnostic tool. When Is FNAC Recommended? Common Medical Indications Your doctor may recommend FNAC for a wide range of swellings, lumps, and enlarged structures. The most common indications for FNAC at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, include: Neck, Axilla, and Groin Swellings Thyroid nodules and goitre: Thyroid nodules are among the most common indications for FNAC. Thyroid FNAC (often called “thyroid FNAC” or “thyroid fine needle aspiration”) distinguishes benign nodules (colloid goitre, adenoma) from malignant ones (papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma) with accuracy exceeding 95% Cervical lymphadenopathy: Enlarged neck lymph nodes that raise concern for lymphoma, tuberculosis (TB), metastatic carcinoma, or reactive hyperplasia Salivary gland masses: Parotid or submandibular gland swellings suspicious for pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin’s tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, or other salivary gland tumors Axillary lymph nodes: Especially in women with breast lumps where simultaneous axillary node FNAC helps stage breast cancer Inguinal lymphadenopathy: To distinguish reactive nodes from lymphoma or metastatic deposits Breast Lumps and Masses Breast FNAC is a cornerstone of the “triple assessment” of breast lumps (clinical examination + mammogram/ultrasound + FNAC). It rapidly distinguishes benign breast lesions (fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, breast abscess, fat necrosis) from malignant ones (invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma) with high accuracy. Many breast cancer centers use FNAC as the primary tissue sampling step before definitive histopathological biopsy. Abdominal and Liver Masses For superficial abdominal masses and certain liver lesions accessible under ultrasound guidance, FNAC provides a rapid cytological diagnosis. However, for deep abdominal masses, CT guided core biopsy is often preferred for higher tissue yield. Our team at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics selects the optimal technique for each clinical scenario. Soft Tissue Lumps Subcutaneous and intramuscular soft tissue masses suspicious for lipoma, sebaceous cyst, lymph node, soft tissue sarcoma, or metastatic deposit are excellent candidates for FNAC. The technique is particularly useful for confirming the diagnosis before surgical excision planning. Other FNAC Indications Prostate FNAC (transrectal or transperineal approach) Bone lesion FNAC (combined with CT guidance for deep lesions) Orbital and periorbital mass FNAC Skin and subcutaneous nodule FNAC Cystic lesion aspiration and analysis (thyroglossal cyst, branchial cyst, ganglion) Sputum cytology (for suspected lung malignancy) Image-Guided FNAC vs. Palpation-Guided FNAC Parameter Palpation-Guided FNAC Ultrasound-Guided FNAC CT-Guided FNAC Best for Easily palpable, superficial lumps (>2 cm, clearly defined) Non-palpable or deep lesions visible on US; thyroid, breast, axillary nodes Deep abdominal, thoracic, retroperitoneal, bone lesions Accuracy 85–90% 90–96% 88–95% Requires imaging No Yes (ultrasound) Yes (CT scanner) Sedation needed No No (local anaesthesia optional) Local anaesthesia + optional sedation Time for procedure 5–10 minutes 15–30 minutes 30–60 minutes At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, we perform all three types of FNAC with the appropriate guidance modality for each case. Our integrated setup — with ultrasound, CT, and an on-site cytopathologist — enables rapid staining, ROSE (Rapid On-Site Evaluation), and preliminary result communication on the same day. How FNAC Is Performed — Step-by-Step Procedure Step 1: Clinical Examination and FNAC Site Confirmation The doctor carefully examines the lump or mass, assessing its size, consistency, mobility, tenderness, and overlying skin changes. For non-palpable lesions, real-time ultrasound is used to locate the target. The planned needle insertion site is marked on the skin. Step 2: Skin Preparation The overlying skin is cleaned with an antiseptic swab (povidone-iodine or alcohol). For standard FNAC, local anaesthesia is often not necessary — the fine gauge (22–25G) needle causes minimal discomfort. Local anaesthetic cream (EMLA) or subcutaneous lidocaine is offered for anxious patients, children, or particularly sensitive sites. Step 3: Needle Insertion and Aspiration The fine needle attached to a 10–20 mL syringe (held in a special syringe pistol or manually) is inserted swiftly into the mass. Negative pressure is applied (suction) while the needle is moved back and forth within the lesion in small (5–10 mm) to-and-fro movements. This action breaks off cellular material and draws it into the needle hub. The suction is released before withdrawing the needle to prevent aspiration of blood and dilution of the sample. Step 4: Slide Preparation and Staining The aspirated cellular material is expelled onto pre-labeled glass slides. Smears are prepared by spreading the material gently with a second slide. Some smears are air-dried for May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining, while others are immediately alcohol-fixed for Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. For lymph node aspirates, additional material may be collected in liquid medium for flow cytometry or cell block preparation. Step 5: ROSE (Rapid

A CT guided biopsy is one of the most precise and diagnostically powerful minimally invasive procedures available in modern interventional radiology. By combining the anatomical resolution of computed tomography (CT) with real-time needle guidance, interventional radiologists can safely sample tissue from virtually any organ in the body — the liver, lung, kidney, adrenal gland, lymph node, bone, or soft tissue mass — with millimetre-level accuracy. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our fellowship-trained interventional radiologists perform CT guided biopsy procedures daily, offering definitive tissue diagnosis for patients across the region, including those from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains what a CT guided biopsy is, when it is needed, how it is performed, how to prepare, and what to expect during recovery. What Is a CT Guided Biopsy? Medical Definition A CT guided biopsy is an image-guided percutaneous (through-the-skin) tissue sampling procedure in which a biopsy needle is advanced through the skin and soft tissues to reach a target lesion — a mass, nodule, lymph node, or abnormal area — under continuous CT imaging guidance. Unlike surgical biopsy (which requires general anaesthesia and a surgical incision) or ultrasound-guided biopsy (which can only visualize superficial or soft-tissue targets), CT guided biopsy offers unparalleled visualization of deep-seated targets within the chest, abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, and musculoskeletal system. The tissue sample obtained is then sent to a pathology laboratory for histopathological examination (HPE) — the definitive process of determining whether a mass is benign or malignant, identifying the specific cancer type and grade, or diagnosing inflammatory, infectious, or other non-cancerous conditions. Why Is CT Guided Biopsy Necessary? Medical Indications A CT guided biopsy is recommended whenever imaging studies (CT, MRI, PET-CT) identify a lesion or abnormality that requires tissue-level diagnosis to determine the appropriate treatment. The principle is simple: imaging can detect and characterize an abnormality, but only tissue sampling can provide a definitive diagnosis. Without a confirmed tissue diagnosis, oncologists, surgeons, and physicians cannot safely prescribe cancer chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. Common Indications for CT Guided Biopsy Lung mass or nodule: A suspicious lung lesion (solid, part-solid, or ground-glass) requires histological diagnosis to distinguish primary lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma) from metastatic deposits, lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, or benign conditions (hamartoma, granuloma) Liver mass: Hepatic lesions not definitively characterized by contrast CT or MRI (possible hepatocellular carcinoma, metastasis from a known primary cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, or benign lesion) require biopsy Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or pelvis require biopsy to diagnose lymphoma, metastatic cancer, sarcoidosis, or TB Pancreatic mass: Pancreatic lesions (possible adenocarcinoma, IPMN, neuroendocrine tumor) require CT guided biopsy for histological confirmation Adrenal mass: Adrenal incidentalomas or masses in cancer patients (to distinguish adrenal metastasis from adenoma) Renal mass: Renal lesions not clearly characterized by imaging (possible renal cell carcinoma vs. oncocytoma vs. angiomyolipoma) Bone lesion: Lytic or sclerotic bone lesions (possible primary bone tumour, metastasis, or infection/osteomyelitis) Soft tissue mass: Deep soft tissue sarcomas or other soft tissue tumors in the thigh, retroperitoneum, or chest wall Suspected abdominal TB or lymphoma: Tissue confirmation of suspected granulomatous disease or lymphomatous nodes Post-treatment reassessment: Biopsy of a treated lesion to assess treatment response or detect recurrence CT Guided Biopsy vs. Other Biopsy Methods — A Comparison Feature CT Guided Biopsy Ultrasound Guided Biopsy Surgical / Open Biopsy Endoscopic Biopsy Target location Deep, anywhere in the body Superficial soft tissue, liver, kidney accessible to US Any location Mucosal surfaces (GI tract, bronchus) Anaesthesia Local (IV sedation optional) Local General anaesthesia Sedation/GA Precision Millimetre-level accuracy Good for soft tissue High but invasive Limited to mucosal Real-time imaging CT fluoroscopy or sequential CT Real-time US Surgeon’s direct vision Endoscopic camera Recovery Hours (day procedure) Hours (day procedure) Days to weeks Hours to days Best for Lung, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, spine, pelvis, deep abdominal masses Liver, thyroid, breast, lymph nodes, superficial soft tissue Masses not accessible percutaneously GI or bronchial mucosal lesions The CT Guided Biopsy Procedure — Step by Step at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Step 1: Pre-Procedure CT Planning Scan The procedure begins with a planning CT scan of the target region. Our interventional radiologist reviews the images to determine the optimal patient position, needle entry site, angle of approach, and depth to the target lesion. Critical structures to avoid — including vessels, nerves, bowel loops, and the pleura — are mapped. A virtual “biopsy pathway” is established that provides the shortest, safest route to the target. Step 2: Patient Positioning and Skin Marking The patient is positioned prone (face-down), supine, or in lateral decubitus depending on the target organ location and planned needle trajectory. A radiopaque grid or marker is placed on the skin and a confirmatory CT scan is performed to precisely identify the entry point on the patient’s skin. The entry site is marked with a skin marker. Step 3: Sterile Preparation and Local Anaesthesia The skin over the entry point is cleaned with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine and draped with sterile covers. A generous amount of 2% lidocaine (with adrenaline) is infiltrated progressively from the skin surface down to the deep tissue layer immediately superficial to the target, providing a complete and comfortable anesthetic field. A small skin incision (2–3 mm) is made with a scalpel to facilitate needle passage. Step 4: CT Guided Needle Advancement The biopsy needle is advanced in a stepwise manner through the anesthetized tract toward the target lesion. Sequential CT images (or CT fluoroscopy) are acquired at intervals to track the needle tip and confirm it is on the planned trajectory. Any deviation is corrected before advancing further. This “advance-scan-check” cycle continues until the needle tip is confirmed to be at the edge of the target lesion. Step 5: Tissue Core Sampling Once the coaxial guiding needle is positioned at the lesion edge, the inner biopsy needle is fired through the coaxial system using a spring-loaded biopsy gun. The cutting mechanism rapidly advances and retracts, capturing