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Microwave ablation (MWA) is a cutting-edge, minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure that uses microwave energy to generate intense heat within targeted tumors, destroying cancer cells without surgery. As one of the most advanced tumor ablation technologies available, microwave ablation offers patients — particularly those with liver tumors, lung tumors, kidney tumors, and thyroid nodules — a highly effective treatment option with significantly lower risk, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery than conventional surgery. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our interventional radiology team performs microwave ablation using state-of-the-art systems under real-time ultrasound or CT guidance, serving patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. What Is Microwave Ablation? How Does It Work? Microwave ablation (MWA) works by delivering focused microwave electromagnetic energy (typically at 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz frequencies) through a thin probe (antenna) placed directly into the tumor. The microwave energy causes water molecules in the tumor tissue to vibrate at extremely high speeds, generating friction and intense heat — reaching temperatures of 60–150°C within the ablation zone. At temperatures above 60°C, tumor cells undergo irreversible coagulative necrosis (cell death), creating a precisely controlled ablation zone that destroys the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Compared to its predecessor technology — radiofrequency ablation (RFA) — microwave ablation offers several clinical advantages: larger ablation zones, faster ablation times, higher intratumoral temperatures, better performance in tumors adjacent to blood vessels (which can act as a “heat sink” cooling the ablation zone in RFA), and consistent performance in both dry and wet tissue types. According to evidence reviewed on PubMed/NCBI, MWA demonstrates local tumor control rates of 85–95% for appropriately selected liver tumors up to 5 cm. Microwave Ablation vs. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) — Key Differences Feature Microwave Ablation (MWA) Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Energy type Microwave electromagnetic energy Radiofrequency electrical current Maximum temperature Up to 150°C 100–105°C (limited by tissue carbonization) Ablation zone size Larger (up to 5–6 cm in a single application) Smaller per application (2–4 cm) Ablation speed Faster (3–10 minutes per tumor) Slower (10–30 minutes per tumor) Heat sink effect Significantly less affected by blood vessels Significantly affected — vessels cool the ablation zone Multiple antennas Can use multiple simultaneously for larger tumors Possible but less common Best for Larger tumors, perivascular tumors, lung tumors, thyroid Smaller tumors in accessible locations Grounding pads Not required (no electrical circuit) Required (large skin grounding pads needed) What Conditions Are Treated with Microwave Ablation? Liver Tumors — Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Metastases The liver is the most common target for microwave ablation in oncological practice. MWA is indicated for: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): In patients with HCC tumors ≤5 cm who are not surgical candidates (due to poor liver function, Child-Pugh B/C cirrhosis, multifocal disease, or patient refusal of surgery). MWA achieves complete ablation in over 90% of HCC tumors ≤3 cm, with 5-year survival rates comparable to surgical resection in carefully selected patients Colorectal liver metastases: Patients with limited liver metastases from colorectal cancer who are unresectable or who have refused surgery. MWA combined with systemic chemotherapy significantly improves progression-free survival Liver metastases from other primary cancers (neuroendocrine tumors, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma) Recurrent liver tumors after prior surgical resection or ablation Lung Tumors Microwave ablation of lung tumors is an effective treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients who cannot tolerate surgery — particularly elderly patients, those with severe COPD, or patients with compromised pulmonary function where lobectomy would be fatal. MWA can also treat limited pulmonary metastases (from colorectal, renal, or sarcoma primaries). CT-guided lung MWA is performed at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics with immediate post-procedure CT to confirm adequate ablation and check for pneumothorax. Kidney Tumors (Renal Cell Carcinoma) For small renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors ≤3–4 cm in patients who are poor surgical candidates (elderly patients, those with solitary kidney, hereditary RCC syndromes with multiple tumors, or bilateral tumors), microwave ablation provides excellent local tumor control with nephron-sparing results. CT or ultrasound-guided renal MWA at our Delhi center is performed under conscious sedation or general anaesthesia. Thyroid Nodules Microwave ablation of thyroid nodules is an emerging, minimally invasive alternative to thyroid surgery for: Benign symptomatic thyroid nodules: Large colloid or adenomatous nodules causing compressive symptoms (dysphagia, hoarseness, neck discomfort) or cosmetic concerns — MWA causes progressive nodule shrinkage (typically 50–80% volume reduction over 6–12 months) without hypothyroidism Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (toxic adenoma): Causing hyperthyroidism — MWA normalizes thyroid function with high success rates and no radiation Low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: In carefully selected patients who are not candidates for or refuse surgery — MWA with ultrasound guidance achieves local control in the majority of cases Adrenal Tumors CT-guided microwave ablation of adrenal metastases (from lung, colorectal, or renal primary cancers) and selected primary adrenal tumors is performed at our Delhi center. For pheochromocytoma, careful pre-procedural alpha-blockade is essential to prevent hypertensive crisis during ablation. Bone Tumors (Osteoid Osteoma and Metastatic Bone Disease) CT-guided microwave ablation is highly effective for osteoid osteoma — a benign painful bone tumor — providing complete pain relief in over 95% of patients in a single session. For metastatic bone disease, MWA provides effective local tumor control and significant pain palliation. Who Is a Candidate for Microwave Ablation? Microwave ablation is not suitable for every patient. Careful patient selection is critical for optimal outcomes. General criteria for MWA candidacy include: Liver MWA: Liver tumor(s) ≤5 cm (ideally ≤3 cm for best results), no more than 3 tumors in most cases (some centers treat up to 5), adequate liver function (Child-Pugh A or B), tumor not touching the main bile duct or major hepatic veins Lung MWA: Peripheral lung tumor ≤3 cm, no central airway involvement, adequate contralateral lung function Renal MWA: Renal tumor ≤4 cm, tumor not in the central collecting system Thyroid MWA: Benign or low-risk nodule confirmed by prior FNAC, adequate technical access General requirements: Correctable coagulopathy (INR ≤1.5, platelets ≥50,000), no

A veterinary CT scan — Computed Tomography for animal patients — has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment planning of complex conditions in companion animals, exotic pets, and large animals. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we provide advanced veterinary CT scanning services for dogs, cats, rabbits, birds (avian CT), small mammals, and selected larger animal species. Our state-of-the-art multi-detector CT scanner, combined with specialized veterinary anaesthesia expertise, delivers the highest quality cross-sectional images that give your veterinarian the definitive information needed for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. Pet owners and veterinarians from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri have trusted our veterinary CT services for advanced diagnostics. This comprehensive guide covers what veterinary CT scanning involves, which species benefit, specific applications, preparation, costs, and why Edge Imaging and Diagnostics is Delhi’s leading veterinary CT center. What Is a Veterinary CT Scan? Technology and Principles A veterinary CT scan uses a rotating X-ray beam paired with sensitive detectors and powerful computer algorithms to generate detailed cross-sectional (axial) images of the body. Unlike conventional X-rays (which superimpose all structures into a single flat image), CT creates individual thin “slices” of anatomy — typically 0.5–1.25 mm thick — that can be stacked into 3D volumetric datasets. These can then be reconstructed into multiplanar views (coronal, sagittal, axial) and 3D surface or volume renderings for comprehensive anatomical assessment. Modern multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanners acquire multiple slices simultaneously, reducing scan time to seconds — critically important in veterinary patients who must be under general anaesthesia, as shorter scan time means shorter anaesthesia duration and reduced risk. Why Veterinary CT Scans Are Superior to Standard X-Rays Feature Conventional X-Ray Veterinary CT Scan Dimensionality 2D (flat, superimposed) True 3D cross-sectional imaging Bone detail Good Excellent — fracture lines, bone quality, joint surfaces Soft tissue contrast Poor Good — distinguishes fat, fluid, muscle, organ tissue Nasal cavity evaluation Limited Excellent — turbinate destruction, sinus involvement Lung nodule detection Misses nodules <1 cm Detects nodules as small as 2–3 mm Vascular assessment Not possible without contrast CT angiography for portal shunts, tumor vascularity 3D surgical planning Not possible Detailed 3D models for pre-surgical planning Orthopaedic assessment Good basic assessment Elbow dysplasia, OCD, pelvic fractures — far superior Animals That Benefit from Veterinary CT Scanning at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Dogs (Canine CT Scan) Dogs are the most common veterinary CT patients at our Delhi center. Canine CT indications include brain and spinal cord disease (seizures, disc herniation, brain tumors), cancer staging (thorax + abdomen CT for metastatic disease), nasal and sinus tumors, elbow dysplasia, complex fractures, porto-systemic shunt mapping (CT angiography), adrenal tumors, and urinary tract assessment. For detailed information, see our dedicated Dog CT Scan in Delhi guide. Cats (Feline CT Scan) Cats are the second most common veterinary CT patients. Feline CT excels at characterizing thoracic disease (pleural effusion, mediastinal masses, asthma), urinary tract disease (ureteral obstruction from calculi — extremely common in cats), head CT for middle ear and tympanic bullae disease, skull CT for dental disease, nasal tumors, and cancer staging. Detailed feline CT information is in our dedicated Cat CT Scan in Delhi guide. Rabbits (Lagomorph CT Scan) Rabbits are increasingly common pets in Delhi and require specialized veterinary imaging. Veterinary CT is particularly valuable for rabbits with: Dental disease: Rabbit dental anatomy is complex and molar/premolar root problems (often deep in the jaw) require CT for diagnosis and surgical planning. Dental CT is arguably the most common CT indication in pet rabbits Vestibular disease (head tilt / torticollis): CT of the skull and tympanic bullae identifies Encephalitozoon cuniculi (EC) lesions, otitis media/interna, or intracranial disease Uterine disease (pyometra, uterine adenocarcinoma): CT abdomen characterizes uterine masses and metastatic disease in intact female rabbits Liver lobe torsion Spondylosis and spinal disease Birds (Avian CT Scan) Avian CT scanning is a highly specialized area where our team provides valuable diagnostic support. Birds have unique anatomy — air sacs, pneumatized bones, unique respiratory system — requiring specific positioning and CT protocols. Common avian CT indications include: Respiratory disease: Air sacculitis, mycobacteriosis, aspergillosis, and foreign body aspiration — CT reveals extent of lung and air sac involvement far beyond what plain radiographs can show Coelomicmasses: Liver disease, gonadal tumors, reproductive tract disease in psittacines and raptors Skeletal disease: Fracture assessment in raptors and psittacines; metabolic bone disease Nasal and sinus disease: Rhinitis and sinusitis extent in large parrots Other Small Mammals Guinea pigs, ferrets, chinchillas, and small exotic mammals can also benefit from CT scanning for dental disease, respiratory conditions, abdominal masses, and skeletal trauma. Anaesthetic protocols for exotic small mammals require specialized expertise — our veterinary team has experience with these species. Common Clinical Applications of Veterinary CT at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics 1. Veterinary CT for Nasal Cavity and Sinus Disease Nasal tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphoma in cats) are a major indication for veterinary CT. CT precisely defines the tumor extent — whether it has invaded the cribriform plate (bone separating the nasal cavity from the brain), orbit, and palate. This information is absolutely critical for radiation therapy planning. CT also diagnoses chronic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and foreign bodies (including grass seeds embedded in the nasal cavity). 2. Veterinary CT for Cancer Staging Before surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy for any malignant tumor, CT staging of the thorax and abdomen is essential to detect metastatic disease — pulmonary nodules (lung metastases), enlarged regional lymph nodes, and distant organ spread. CT can detect pulmonary metastases as small as 2–3 mm — compared to radiography which misses lesions smaller than 8–10 mm. Accurate staging changes management decisions in a significant proportion of cancer cases. 3. Veterinary CT for Porto-Systemic Shunts (Liver Shunts) CT angiography (CTA) is the gold standard for diagnosing and mapping congenital porto-systemic shunts in dogs and cats. CTA identifies the shunt type (intrahepatic vs. extrahepatic), location, size, and relationship to the portal vein and hepatic vasculature — information essential for the surgeon planning

A cat MRI scan — Magnetic Resonance Imaging for feline patients — is the most powerful soft tissue diagnostic imaging procedure available in veterinary medicine. For cats presenting with neurological signs, spinal cord dysfunction, mysterious internal masses, or conditions requiring precise anatomical mapping before surgery, an MRI provides information that no other imaging modality can match. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we offer high-quality MRI scanning for cats, extending our advanced human-grade imaging technology to our feline patients. We serve cat owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This complete guide covers why cats need MRI, specific indications, how to prepare your cat, the scanning procedure, recovery, cost in Delhi, and the advantages of choosing Edge Imaging and Diagnostics for your cat’s MRI. Why Is MRI Preferred Over CT for Certain Cat Conditions? CT and MRI are complementary technologies, each excelling in different clinical scenarios. For cats, the key situations where MRI is preferred over CT include: Brain diseases: MRI shows grey matter vs. white matter differentiation, subtle cortical abnormalities, inflammatory changes in the meninges, and very small lesions (<5 mm) that CT cannot reliably detect Spinal cord conditions: MRI detects intramedullary (within-cord) signal changes indicating compression, ischaemia (infarction), or inflammation — changes invisible to CT Nerve sheath tumors: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are detected and delineated with MRI’s superior contrast resolution Joint diseases: Ligament, tendon, and cartilage abnormalities in joints are far better visualized on MRI Soft tissue extent of head and neck tumors: Perineural invasion and intracranial extension of oral or nasal tumors are better assessed on MRI No radiation: For conditions requiring repeated imaging (e.g., monitoring a known brain tumor), MRI allows repeated assessments without cumulative radiation dose Medical Indications for Cat MRI Scan Feline Neurological Conditions Brain tumors: Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor in cats — far more common than in dogs. Cats with meningioma can be treated surgically (craniotomy) or with palliative radiation. MRI provides essential pre-surgical mapping of tumor location, size, and vascular supply. Other feline brain tumors include lymphoma, glioma, and pituitary adenoma Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) — neurological form: CNS FIP causes granulomatous meningoencephalitis; MRI shows periventricular enhancement, hydrocephalus, and parenchymal signal changes characteristic of this condition Seizures: MRI brain is indicated for cats with new-onset seizures, refractory seizures, or seizures accompanied by other neurological signs to exclude structural intracranial disease Vestibular disease: Cats presenting with sudden head tilt, rolling, and nystagmus from central (intracranial) causes — cerebrovascular accident, cerebellar lesion — require MRI brain for assessment; MRI also characterizes middle ear pathology causing peripheral vestibular signs with superior soft tissue detail compared to CT Cerebellar ataxia: Conditions including cerebellar hypoplasia (from in-utero panleukopenia infection), cerebellar neoplasia, and degenerative cerebellar disease Feline Spinal and Disc Disease Spinal cord lymphoma: One of the most common causes of acute paralysis in cats — MRI identifies extradural lymphoma compressing the spinal cord and assesses cord signal changes guiding prognosis Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in cats: Less common than in dogs but can occur, particularly in Manx cats and older cats. MRI localizes the disc herniation and grades cord compression for surgical planning Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE): An ischaemic myelopathy — MRI identifies the focal cord signal change, confirming the diagnosis and guiding prognosis Vertebral discospondylitis Spinal arachnoid cysts and diverticula Head and Neck Conditions Nasal lymphoma extent assessment: MRI provides superior detail of cribriform plate involvement and orbital extension compared to CT Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Mandibular bone invasion and tongue/floor of mouth involvement Retrobulbar masses and orbital disease Pituitary macroadenoma causing acromegaly (insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in cats) Soft Tissue and Abdominal Conditions Complex soft tissue masses requiring precise surgical planning (perianal tumors, limb sarcomas, retroperitoneal masses) Adrenal mass characterization: Differentiating pheochromocytoma from adenoma or adenocarcinoma Hepatic and pancreatic masses in cats where CT characterization is equivocal Unique Considerations for Cat MRI Compared to Dog MRI While the technical principles are the same, feline MRI requires specific expertise and adaptations: Smaller anatomy: Cat brains and spinal cords are small — MRI sequences must use thinner slices (1–2 mm rather than 3–4 mm) and higher resolution matrices to visualize small lesions. This requires longer scanning times RF coil selection: Appropriately sized head and body coils ensure optimal signal-to-noise ratio for feline anatomy Anaesthetic duration: Cat MRI can take 60–90 minutes or longer — maintaining stable anaesthesia for this duration in cats requires careful attention to temperature, fluid balance, and cardiovascular monitoring Contrast agents: Gadolinium contrast agents for MRI are dosed by body weight, precisely calculated for cats to provide adequate enhancement without toxicity Disease-specific protocols: FIP, meningioma, and lymphoma have specific MRI features in cats that require tailored imaging protocols Preparing Your Cat for an MRI Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Fasting: No food for 8–12 hours before the MRI. Water permitted up to 2–4 hours beforehand — please confirm exact instructions when booking Carry all prior records: Blood tests (within 4 weeks), ultrasound/CT reports, neurology consultation notes, and a detailed referral letter from your veterinarian Medication list: Include all medications — especially anticonvulsants, methimazole (for hyperthyroid cats), steroids, and cardiac medications. Some drugs interact with MRI contrast agents or anaesthetic agents Secure transport: Use a solid, secure cat carrier. Spray it with Feliway (feline pheromone) the night before to reduce anxiety No metal accessories: Remove collars with metal tags, metal identification plates, or harnesses before arrival Pre-anaesthetic blood screen: CBC, biochemistry, T4 (for cats over 7 years), and cardiac assessment where indicated Hyperthyroid cats: Inform our team of any hyperthyroidism — these cats have higher anaesthetic risk and require specific protocol modifications The Cat MRI Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Pre-MRI Assessment and IV Catheter Placement Our veterinary team assesses your cat’s physical status, reviews blood results, and places an IV catheter (typically cephalic vein) for drug administration. A pre-medication (anxiolytic and analgesic combination) may be given to smooth anaesthetic induction, reduce anxiety, and minimize

A dog MRI scan is the gold standard diagnostic imaging procedure for evaluating soft tissue diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system in canine patients. When your veterinarian suspects a neurological condition, a spinal cord disorder, or a soft tissue mass that requires detailed characterization beyond what CT, X-ray, or ultrasound can provide, an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan gives unparalleled soft tissue contrast resolution without using ionizing radiation. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we offer advanced MRI scanning for dogs, serving pet owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains when dogs need an MRI, the difference between dog MRI and dog CT, how to prepare your dog, what happens during the scan, the cost in Delhi, and post-procedure care. What Is a Dog MRI Scan? How It Works Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) creates detailed images of the body’s soft tissues using powerful magnetic fields and radio waves — without any ionizing radiation (X-rays). The MRI scanner’s strong magnetic field temporarily aligns hydrogen protons in the body’s water molecules. A radiofrequency pulse is then applied, which disturbs this alignment; as the protons “relax” back to their original position, they release energy that is detected by receiver coils and processed by sophisticated computer algorithms into detailed images. MRI provides far superior soft tissue contrast compared to CT — it can differentiate grey matter from white matter in the brain, show subtle spinal cord signal changes indicating inflammation or compression, and clearly delineate tumor margins from surrounding normal tissue. These properties make dog MRI the definitive imaging modality for most neurological conditions in veterinary medicine. Dog MRI vs. Dog CT Scan — Which Does Your Dog Need? Feature Dog MRI Scan Dog CT Scan Best for Brain parenchyma, spinal cord, nerve sheath tumors, soft tissue masses, perineural invasion Bone, lung, nasal cavity, thorax, abdomen, orthopaedic assessment, cancer staging Radiation None (uses magnetic fields and radio waves) Low-dose X-ray radiation Scan time 30–90 minutes (longer) 10–25 minutes (faster) Soft tissue contrast Exceptional — best available Good Bone detail Good but inferior to CT Excellent Anaesthesia required Yes — must be absolutely still Yes Gadolinium contrast Available (for lesion enhancement and vascularity) Iodinated contrast used Cost Generally higher than CT Generally lower than MRI Contraindications Metallic implants (pacemakers, certain orthopaedic hardware) Renal impairment (for contrast); high radiation dose When Is a Dog MRI Scan Recommended? Medical Indications Neurological Conditions Brain tumors: MRI is the imaging modality of choice for brain tumors — meningioma, glioma, choroid plexus tumor, pituitary macroadenoma (Cushing’s disease work-up), and secondary metastatic deposits. MRI delineates tumor extent, degree of edema, mass effect, and relationship to critical brain structures with unsurpassed clarity Encephalitis and meningitis: Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME), steroid-responsive meningitis, and infectious encephalitis (distemper, neosporosis, toxoplasmosis) — MRI shows parenchymal signal changes, leptomeningeal enhancement, and ventricular involvement Hydrocephalus: MRI precisely measures ventricular dilation and identifies the level of CSF obstruction Cerebrovascular disease: Ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke in dogs — MRI diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) detects acute infarcts hours before conventional CT or MRI sequences Epilepsy / refractory seizures: In dogs with seizures not controlled by medication, MRI brain identifies subtle lesions including focal cortical dysplasia, cortical atrophy, and neoplasms that may be invisible on CT Spinal Cord and Disc Disease Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD): Hansen Type I (acute disc herniation causing compression) and Hansen Type II (chronic disc bulging) — MRI is the gold standard for precise localization of disc herniation, assessment of spinal cord compression severity, and detection of cord signal change (myelomalacia) Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE): MRI is the only modality that can diagnose this condition (an ischaemic non-compressive myelopathy) — showing focal spinal cord signal change without disc herniation Spinal tumors: Nerve sheath tumors (most common spinal cord tumor in dogs), meningioma, and metastatic spinal disease — MRI with contrast provides exquisite tumor characterization Syringomyelia: Especially important in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels — MRI identifies Chiari-like malformation and associated syrinx formation Discospondylitis: Bacterial or fungal infection of the disc space — MRI shows disc/vertebral signal changes and epidural abscess formation Head and Neck Conditions Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease Retrobulbar masses and orbital disease Inner/middle ear disease Nasopharyngeal masses Peripheral nerve sheath tumor of cranial nerves Soft Tissue Mass Assessment For soft tissue masses anywhere in the body where precise characterization of tissue composition, extent, involvement of adjacent structures (vessels, nerves, fascial planes), and surgical margins is critical, MRI provides superior information to CT. This is particularly important for splenic masses, perianal tumors, and limb sarcomas where preservation of adjacent neurovascular structures determines surgical approach. How to Prepare Your Dog for an MRI Scan in Delhi Fasting (NPO): Your dog must not eat for 8–12 hours before the MRI scan. Water can be offered up to 2–4 hours before. Fasting is essential to minimize aspiration risk during anaesthesia Metal implant screening: Inform our team of any metallic implants — orthopaedic plates, screws, pins, pins, pacemakers, or microchips. Most modern dog microchips are MRI compatible but must be declared. Some orthopaedic implants may create artifacts affecting image quality Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: CBC, biochemistry, and urinalysis (within 4 weeks) confirming your dog is medically fit for anaesthesia Bring all prior medical records: X-rays, ultrasound, CT reports, previous MRI, neurology examination findings, and your vet’s detailed referral letter Grooming: Remove any metal accessories (collars with metal tags, harnesses with metal buckles) before arrival Medication list: List all current medications including anticonvulsants (phenobarbitone, potassium bromide, levetiracetam), steroids, and NSAIDs Companion for your dog: Arrange for someone to drive your dog home — you should not leave a groggy post-anaesthetic dog alone The Dog MRI Scan Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Pre-MRI Clinical Assessment Our veterinary team performs a brief physical examination on arrival, including cardiovascular auscultation and neurological assessment where appropriate. An IV catheter is placed, body weight is recorded for accurate drug dosing, and the planned anaesthetic protocol is confirmed. Any concerns about

A cat CT scan is a specialized veterinary imaging procedure that uses computed tomography technology to create detailed, three-dimensional images of your cat’s internal anatomy. When your veterinarian suspects a complex disease affecting the brain, spine, chest, abdomen, or musculoskeletal system in your feline companion, a CT scan often provides the definitive diagnostic information needed to guide treatment. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we proudly extend our advanced CT imaging capabilities to feline patients, helping cats from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri receive the highest level of diagnostic care. This complete guide explains everything cat owners need to know about the cat CT scan procedure — from medical indications and how to prepare your cat, to what happens on the day of the scan, recovery, results, and costs in Delhi. Why Would a Cat Need a CT Scan? Key Medical Indications Cats are remarkably stoic animals, often concealing pain and illness until disease is quite advanced. Conventional veterinary diagnostics (physical examination, blood tests, X-rays, and ultrasound) are valuable tools but have inherent limitations in detecting and characterizing complex internal diseases. A cat CT scan provides cross-sectional anatomical images with soft tissue, bone, and vascular detail that far exceeds what any other non-invasive modality can offer. Neurological Indications for Cat CT Scan Unexplained seizures: CT brain scan identifies structural causes — meningioma (one of the most common brain tumors in cats), FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) granulomas, hydrocephalus, and brain cysts Vestibular disease: Cats with sudden head tilt, rolling, and nystagmus may have middle ear disease or intracranial lesions — CT of the skull base and tympanic bullae is the gold standard diagnostic Spinal cord disease: Hindlimb weakness or paralysis from disc disease, spinal cord lymphoma, or vertebral fracture requires CT myelography or MRI for precise localization Behavioral changes: Sudden personality changes or cognitive decline in older cats may indicate intracranial disease Head trauma: CT rapidly assesses skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage after road accidents — common in Delhi’s urban cat population Oncology — Cancer Diagnosis and Staging in Cats Lymphoma staging: Feline lymphoma (the most common cancer in cats) — CT evaluates mediastinal, abdominal, and multicentric lymphoma distribution for treatment planning Nasal lymphoma or carcinoma: Nasal CT precisely delineates tumor extent, orbital involvement, and cribriform plate invasion for radiation therapy planning Oral squamous cell carcinoma: CT evaluates bone invasion and lymph node involvement for surgical resectability assessment Thoracic CT for metastasis screening: In cats with known primary tumors, CT chest detects pulmonary metastases far earlier than radiographs Thymoma or mediastinal masses: CT chest is essential for characterizing cranial mediastinal masses in cats Chest (Thoracic) Conditions in Cats Pleural effusion investigation: Identifying the underlying cause of fluid around the lungs (chylothorax, pyothorax, neoplasia, cardiac disease) Feline asthma and bronchial disease: CT characterizes airway changes, mucus plugging, and air trapping Pulmonary masses or infiltrates: Distinguishing primary lung tumors, metastatic deposits, or fungal infections Tracheal stenosis or collapse Abdominal and Urinary Conditions Hepatic masses: Characterizing liver tumors, cysts, or hepatic lipidosis complications Urinary obstruction or urolithiasis: Identifying ureteral stones causing obstruction — common in cats; CT urogram provides a “roadmap” for ureteroscopy or surgery Hypertrophic obstructive uropathy Adrenal tumors: Pheochromocytoma or adenocarcinoma in hyperthyroid or hypertensive cats Pancreatic masses Orthopaedic and Dental/Oral Conditions Complex fractures: Especially pelvic, mandibular, and vertebral fractures common after road trauma Oral and dental disease: CT of the jaw, teeth, and skull detects tooth root abscesses, mandibular osteomyelitis, and oral tumor bone invasion Chronic osteomyelitis Temporomandibular joint ankylosis What Makes a Cat CT Scan Unique Compared to Dog CT Scans? While the CT technology is the same, cats present unique challenges and considerations compared to dogs: Smaller size: Cats typically weigh 3–6 kg, requiring lower anaesthetic doses calculated carefully by weight. Slice thickness is typically thinner to maximize resolution for small anatomical structures Respiratory rate: Cats breathe faster than dogs; respiratory gating or breath-hold techniques may be used for thoracic CT to minimize motion blur in lung imaging Specific feline diseases: Certain conditions are unique to cats or much more common in cats — feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline asthma, hyperthyroidism with cardiac effects, and feline lower urinary tract disease — and CT protocols are adapted accordingly Contrast media: Iodinated contrast volumes are calculated precisely by weight for feline patients to ensure adequate enhancement without nephrotoxicity Temperature regulation: Cats lose body heat rapidly under anaesthesia; active warming with a Bair Hugger or warm water blanket is essential throughout the procedure How to Prepare Your Cat for a CT Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Fasting (NPO): Your cat must not eat for 8–12 hours before the scan. Water can usually be offered up to 2–4 hours before — confirm with our team. Fasting is essential to prevent aspiration during anaesthesia Transportation: Use a secure, well-ventilated carrier for transporting your cat. A familiar-smelling blanket or toy inside the carrier helps reduce stress Bring all medical records: Previous blood results (within 4 weeks), X-ray/ultrasound reports, and your veterinarian’s referral letter specifying the clinical question List all current medications: Include all oral medications, transdermal drugs (methimazole, fentanyl patches), and supplements Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: A recent CBC, biochemistry, and T4 (for older cats to screen for hyperthyroidism) are essential for anaesthetic safety. Your referring vet may have completed these; if not, our team can arrange Inform us of any anxiety or aggression: Stressed or fractious cats may require pre-visit sedative prescribed by your vet — discuss this with our team in advance Do not apply flea treatments or topical medications on the day of the scan The Cat CT Scan Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Pre-Anaesthetic Assessment Upon arrival at our Delhi center, our veterinary team performs a physical examination, reviews blood results, assesses hydration, and confirms an IV catheter is placed — typically in the cephalic (foreleg) vein. An accurate body weight is recorded for precise drug dosing. If the cat is severely stressed or anxious,

If your veterinarian has recommended a dog CT scan for your beloved canine companion, you are likely looking for a trustworthy, technically advanced facility that combines veterinary expertise with human-grade diagnostic imaging technology. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, we extend our state-of-the-art CT scanning capabilities to veterinary patients, offering high-resolution CT scans for dogs that provide your vet with the detailed anatomical information needed for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. We serve pet owners from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This complete guide will explain what a dog CT scan involves, when it is needed, how to prepare your pet, what to expect on the day of the scan, and why Edge Imaging and Diagnostics is the leading choice for veterinary CT scanning in Delhi. What Is a Dog CT Scan? Understanding Computed Tomography for Canines A dog CT scan (Computed Tomography scan) uses a rotating X-ray beam and advanced computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images (slices) of the dog’s internal anatomy. Unlike a standard X-ray, which produces a flat, two-dimensional shadow image, CT creates three-dimensional volumetric data that can be reconstructed to visualize bones, soft tissues, organs, blood vessels, and airways from any angle. CT scanning for dogs requires general anaesthesia — unlike in human patients, dogs cannot lie still inside the scanner for the 10–30 minutes required for a complete scan. Anaesthesia ensures the dog remains completely motionless, which is essential for obtaining high-quality, motion-free images. The anaesthesia is administered and monitored by a qualified veterinary anaesthesiologist or experienced veterinarian throughout the scan. When Is a Dog CT Scan Recommended? Key Medical Indications A dog CT scan provides diagnostic information that is simply not obtainable with routine X-rays, ultrasound, or physical examination alone. Your veterinarian may recommend a dog CT scan in the following situations: Neurological Conditions Suspected brain tumor, brain cyst, or hydrocephalus: CT brain scans in dogs are used to evaluate intracranial mass lesions, hydrocephalus, brain atrophy, and traumatic brain injury Seizures of unknown cause: Unexplained seizures in dogs warrant a CT brain scan to rule out structural intracranial pathology Disc disease (IVDD): Intervertebral disc disease causing paralysis or paresis — CT myelogram (CT with intrathecal contrast) pinpoints the exact disc herniation level and guides surgical planning Spinal cord compression: CT combined with myelography identifies the extent and nature of spinal cord compression Head trauma: Post-traumatic CT assesses skull fractures, brain contusion, and intracranial hemorrhage Oncology (Cancer Diagnosis and Staging) Staging of known malignancy: CT chest + abdomen is the gold standard for detecting pulmonary metastases, lymph node involvement, and distant organ spread before surgery or chemotherapy decisions Characterization of masses: CT helps determine the extent, vascularity, and resectability of primary tumors (nasal tumors, oral tumors, splenic masses, adrenal tumors) Nasal tumors: Nasal cavity CT is essential for evaluating extent of nasal tumors, cribriform plate involvement, and orbital invasion — critical information for radiation therapy planning Lymphoma staging: CT assesses lymph node distribution and organ involvement in lymphoma patients Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Conditions Complex fractures: CT with 3D reconstruction provides surgical teams with the exact fracture pattern and fragment position for complex long bone, pelvic, or vertebral fractures Elbow dysplasia: CT is the most accurate method for diagnosing fragmented coronoid process (FCP), osteochondrosis (OCD), and elbow incongruity — far superior to plain radiographs Hip dysplasia: CT precisely quantifies femoral head coverage and acetabular morphology for surgical planning Dental and jaw disease: CT of the skull and jaw reveals tooth root abscesses, mandibular fractures, and temporomandibular joint disease Thoracic (Chest) Conditions Lung masses or nodules: CT chest detects small pulmonary nodules missed on X-ray, characterizes primary lung tumors, and identifies metastatic deposits Tracheal/airway abnormalities: Tracheal collapse severity, bronchiectasis, and mediastinal masses Pleural effusion investigation: Underlying cause of pleural fluid Cardiac and pericardial masses Abdominal Conditions Liver, spleen, and pancreatic masses Adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma) Urinary tract obstruction or masses: Renal and ureteral calculi, bladder tumors, prostatic disease Porto-systemic shunts: CT angiography for precise mapping of congenital porto-systemic shunts before surgical ligation Gastrointestinal obstruction How to Prepare Your Dog for a CT Scan Because a dog CT scan requires general anaesthesia, preparation is critical for your dog’s safety: Fasting (NPO): Your dog must not eat for 8–12 hours before the scheduled CT scan. Water can usually be offered up to 2–4 hours before, but confirm with our team. Fasting prevents aspiration of stomach contents during anaesthesia Bring all prior medical records: Previous X-rays, ultrasound reports, blood test results, and your veterinarian’s referral letter Collar and leash: Please bring your dog on a secure leash with an ID collar Inform us of all medications: Some medications (steroids, anticonvulsants, sedatives) may interact with anaesthetic agents. List all current medications including herbal or alternative treatments Pre-anaesthetic blood tests: Our veterinary team may require a recent CBC and biochemistry panel (completed within 2–4 weeks) to confirm your dog is safe for anaesthesia — particularly for older dogs or those with known systemic disease Inform us of any prior anaesthetic complications: If your dog has had adverse reactions to previous anaesthesia or sedation, our team must know in advance Do not give sedatives at home unless specifically prescribed by our veterinary team What Happens During Your Dog’s CT Scan at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Pre-CT Veterinary Assessment Upon arrival at our Raghubir Nagar center, our veterinary team conducts a brief physical examination and reviews your dog’s medical history and referral notes. An IV catheter is placed in a peripheral vein (typically the cephalic vein in the foreleg) for anaesthetic drug administration and IV fluid support. Induction and Maintenance of Anaesthesia General anaesthesia is induced via IV injection of an appropriate induction agent (e.g., propofol). Once your dog is unconscious, an endotracheal tube is placed to maintain a secure airway, and anaesthesia is maintained with inhalational anaesthetic (isoflurane or sevoflurane) carried in oxygen. Vital parameters — heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, and

FNAC — Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology — is one of the most widely used, minimally invasive diagnostic procedures in clinical medicine. A fast, safe, and highly accurate technique, FNAC allows doctors to obtain cellular material from a palpable or image-detected lump, mass, lymph node, or cystic swelling for microscopic examination — without surgery, without general anaesthesia, and often within a single clinic visit. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our expert team performs FNAC with precision and speed, serving patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide covers what FNAC is, when it is recommended, how it is done, its accuracy, preparation, and what your results mean. What Is FNAC? A Complete Medical Explanation FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) is a minimally invasive procedure in which a fine needle (typically 22–25 gauge — finer than a standard blood draw needle) attached to a syringe is inserted into a mass or lesion to aspirate (withdraw) cells. The aspirated cellular material is smeared onto glass slides, stained with appropriate dyes, and examined under a microscope by a trained cytopathologist (a specialist doctor in cell examination). FNAC differs from a core needle biopsy (CNB) or CT guided biopsy in that it samples individual cells (cytology) rather than intact tissue architecture (histology). While histopathology provides more structural information, FNAC offers a quick, low-risk answer to the critical clinical question: “Is this lump benign or malignant?” According to research on PubMed/NCBI, FNAC sensitivity for malignancy diagnosis in experienced centers ranges from 85–98%, making it an indispensable first-line diagnostic tool. When Is FNAC Recommended? Common Medical Indications Your doctor may recommend FNAC for a wide range of swellings, lumps, and enlarged structures. The most common indications for FNAC at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, include: Neck, Axilla, and Groin Swellings Thyroid nodules and goitre: Thyroid nodules are among the most common indications for FNAC. Thyroid FNAC (often called “thyroid FNAC” or “thyroid fine needle aspiration”) distinguishes benign nodules (colloid goitre, adenoma) from malignant ones (papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma) with accuracy exceeding 95% Cervical lymphadenopathy: Enlarged neck lymph nodes that raise concern for lymphoma, tuberculosis (TB), metastatic carcinoma, or reactive hyperplasia Salivary gland masses: Parotid or submandibular gland swellings suspicious for pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin’s tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, or other salivary gland tumors Axillary lymph nodes: Especially in women with breast lumps where simultaneous axillary node FNAC helps stage breast cancer Inguinal lymphadenopathy: To distinguish reactive nodes from lymphoma or metastatic deposits Breast Lumps and Masses Breast FNAC is a cornerstone of the “triple assessment” of breast lumps (clinical examination + mammogram/ultrasound + FNAC). It rapidly distinguishes benign breast lesions (fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, breast abscess, fat necrosis) from malignant ones (invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma) with high accuracy. Many breast cancer centers use FNAC as the primary tissue sampling step before definitive histopathological biopsy. Abdominal and Liver Masses For superficial abdominal masses and certain liver lesions accessible under ultrasound guidance, FNAC provides a rapid cytological diagnosis. However, for deep abdominal masses, CT guided core biopsy is often preferred for higher tissue yield. Our team at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics selects the optimal technique for each clinical scenario. Soft Tissue Lumps Subcutaneous and intramuscular soft tissue masses suspicious for lipoma, sebaceous cyst, lymph node, soft tissue sarcoma, or metastatic deposit are excellent candidates for FNAC. The technique is particularly useful for confirming the diagnosis before surgical excision planning. Other FNAC Indications Prostate FNAC (transrectal or transperineal approach) Bone lesion FNAC (combined with CT guidance for deep lesions) Orbital and periorbital mass FNAC Skin and subcutaneous nodule FNAC Cystic lesion aspiration and analysis (thyroglossal cyst, branchial cyst, ganglion) Sputum cytology (for suspected lung malignancy) Image-Guided FNAC vs. Palpation-Guided FNAC Parameter Palpation-Guided FNAC Ultrasound-Guided FNAC CT-Guided FNAC Best for Easily palpable, superficial lumps (>2 cm, clearly defined) Non-palpable or deep lesions visible on US; thyroid, breast, axillary nodes Deep abdominal, thoracic, retroperitoneal, bone lesions Accuracy 85–90% 90–96% 88–95% Requires imaging No Yes (ultrasound) Yes (CT scanner) Sedation needed No No (local anaesthesia optional) Local anaesthesia + optional sedation Time for procedure 5–10 minutes 15–30 minutes 30–60 minutes At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, we perform all three types of FNAC with the appropriate guidance modality for each case. Our integrated setup — with ultrasound, CT, and an on-site cytopathologist — enables rapid staining, ROSE (Rapid On-Site Evaluation), and preliminary result communication on the same day. How FNAC Is Performed — Step-by-Step Procedure Step 1: Clinical Examination and FNAC Site Confirmation The doctor carefully examines the lump or mass, assessing its size, consistency, mobility, tenderness, and overlying skin changes. For non-palpable lesions, real-time ultrasound is used to locate the target. The planned needle insertion site is marked on the skin. Step 2: Skin Preparation The overlying skin is cleaned with an antiseptic swab (povidone-iodine or alcohol). For standard FNAC, local anaesthesia is often not necessary — the fine gauge (22–25G) needle causes minimal discomfort. Local anaesthetic cream (EMLA) or subcutaneous lidocaine is offered for anxious patients, children, or particularly sensitive sites. Step 3: Needle Insertion and Aspiration The fine needle attached to a 10–20 mL syringe (held in a special syringe pistol or manually) is inserted swiftly into the mass. Negative pressure is applied (suction) while the needle is moved back and forth within the lesion in small (5–10 mm) to-and-fro movements. This action breaks off cellular material and draws it into the needle hub. The suction is released before withdrawing the needle to prevent aspiration of blood and dilution of the sample. Step 4: Slide Preparation and Staining The aspirated cellular material is expelled onto pre-labeled glass slides. Smears are prepared by spreading the material gently with a second slide. Some smears are air-dried for May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining, while others are immediately alcohol-fixed for Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. For lymph node aspirates, additional material may be collected in liquid medium for flow cytometry or cell block preparation. Step 5: ROSE (Rapid

A CT guided biopsy is one of the most precise and diagnostically powerful minimally invasive procedures available in modern interventional radiology. By combining the anatomical resolution of computed tomography (CT) with real-time needle guidance, interventional radiologists can safely sample tissue from virtually any organ in the body — the liver, lung, kidney, adrenal gland, lymph node, bone, or soft tissue mass — with millimetre-level accuracy. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our fellowship-trained interventional radiologists perform CT guided biopsy procedures daily, offering definitive tissue diagnosis for patients across the region, including those from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri. This comprehensive guide explains what a CT guided biopsy is, when it is needed, how it is performed, how to prepare, and what to expect during recovery. What Is a CT Guided Biopsy? Medical Definition A CT guided biopsy is an image-guided percutaneous (through-the-skin) tissue sampling procedure in which a biopsy needle is advanced through the skin and soft tissues to reach a target lesion — a mass, nodule, lymph node, or abnormal area — under continuous CT imaging guidance. Unlike surgical biopsy (which requires general anaesthesia and a surgical incision) or ultrasound-guided biopsy (which can only visualize superficial or soft-tissue targets), CT guided biopsy offers unparalleled visualization of deep-seated targets within the chest, abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, and musculoskeletal system. The tissue sample obtained is then sent to a pathology laboratory for histopathological examination (HPE) — the definitive process of determining whether a mass is benign or malignant, identifying the specific cancer type and grade, or diagnosing inflammatory, infectious, or other non-cancerous conditions. Why Is CT Guided Biopsy Necessary? Medical Indications A CT guided biopsy is recommended whenever imaging studies (CT, MRI, PET-CT) identify a lesion or abnormality that requires tissue-level diagnosis to determine the appropriate treatment. The principle is simple: imaging can detect and characterize an abnormality, but only tissue sampling can provide a definitive diagnosis. Without a confirmed tissue diagnosis, oncologists, surgeons, and physicians cannot safely prescribe cancer chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. Common Indications for CT Guided Biopsy Lung mass or nodule: A suspicious lung lesion (solid, part-solid, or ground-glass) requires histological diagnosis to distinguish primary lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma) from metastatic deposits, lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, or benign conditions (hamartoma, granuloma) Liver mass: Hepatic lesions not definitively characterized by contrast CT or MRI (possible hepatocellular carcinoma, metastasis from a known primary cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, or benign lesion) require biopsy Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or pelvis require biopsy to diagnose lymphoma, metastatic cancer, sarcoidosis, or TB Pancreatic mass: Pancreatic lesions (possible adenocarcinoma, IPMN, neuroendocrine tumor) require CT guided biopsy for histological confirmation Adrenal mass: Adrenal incidentalomas or masses in cancer patients (to distinguish adrenal metastasis from adenoma) Renal mass: Renal lesions not clearly characterized by imaging (possible renal cell carcinoma vs. oncocytoma vs. angiomyolipoma) Bone lesion: Lytic or sclerotic bone lesions (possible primary bone tumour, metastasis, or infection/osteomyelitis) Soft tissue mass: Deep soft tissue sarcomas or other soft tissue tumors in the thigh, retroperitoneum, or chest wall Suspected abdominal TB or lymphoma: Tissue confirmation of suspected granulomatous disease or lymphomatous nodes Post-treatment reassessment: Biopsy of a treated lesion to assess treatment response or detect recurrence CT Guided Biopsy vs. Other Biopsy Methods — A Comparison Feature CT Guided Biopsy Ultrasound Guided Biopsy Surgical / Open Biopsy Endoscopic Biopsy Target location Deep, anywhere in the body Superficial soft tissue, liver, kidney accessible to US Any location Mucosal surfaces (GI tract, bronchus) Anaesthesia Local (IV sedation optional) Local General anaesthesia Sedation/GA Precision Millimetre-level accuracy Good for soft tissue High but invasive Limited to mucosal Real-time imaging CT fluoroscopy or sequential CT Real-time US Surgeon’s direct vision Endoscopic camera Recovery Hours (day procedure) Hours (day procedure) Days to weeks Hours to days Best for Lung, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, spine, pelvis, deep abdominal masses Liver, thyroid, breast, lymph nodes, superficial soft tissue Masses not accessible percutaneously GI or bronchial mucosal lesions The CT Guided Biopsy Procedure — Step by Step at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Step 1: Pre-Procedure CT Planning Scan The procedure begins with a planning CT scan of the target region. Our interventional radiologist reviews the images to determine the optimal patient position, needle entry site, angle of approach, and depth to the target lesion. Critical structures to avoid — including vessels, nerves, bowel loops, and the pleura — are mapped. A virtual “biopsy pathway” is established that provides the shortest, safest route to the target. Step 2: Patient Positioning and Skin Marking The patient is positioned prone (face-down), supine, or in lateral decubitus depending on the target organ location and planned needle trajectory. A radiopaque grid or marker is placed on the skin and a confirmatory CT scan is performed to precisely identify the entry point on the patient’s skin. The entry site is marked with a skin marker. Step 3: Sterile Preparation and Local Anaesthesia The skin over the entry point is cleaned with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine and draped with sterile covers. A generous amount of 2% lidocaine (with adrenaline) is infiltrated progressively from the skin surface down to the deep tissue layer immediately superficial to the target, providing a complete and comfortable anesthetic field. A small skin incision (2–3 mm) is made with a scalpel to facilitate needle passage. Step 4: CT Guided Needle Advancement The biopsy needle is advanced in a stepwise manner through the anesthetized tract toward the target lesion. Sequential CT images (or CT fluoroscopy) are acquired at intervals to track the needle tip and confirm it is on the planned trajectory. Any deviation is corrected before advancing further. This “advance-scan-check” cycle continues until the needle tip is confirmed to be at the edge of the target lesion. Step 5: Tissue Core Sampling Once the coaxial guiding needle is positioned at the lesion edge, the inner biopsy needle is fired through the coaxial system using a spring-loaded biopsy gun. The cutting mechanism rapidly advances and retracts, capturing

Liver abscess drainage is a life-saving interventional radiology procedure used to treat pyogenic and amoebic liver abscesses — painful, potentially fatal collections of pus within the liver. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, located in Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our interventional radiologists perform liver abscess drainage using ultrasound or CT guidance with precision and safety, offering patients from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for this serious condition. This comprehensive guide covers the types of liver abscess, indications for drainage, the procedure itself, preparation, post-procedure care, and why image-guided drainage has become the gold standard treatment over surgery. What Is a Liver Abscess? Medical Definition and Types A liver abscess is a localized collection of pus (liquefied, infected tissue containing bacteria, white blood cells, dead tissue, and cellular debris) within the hepatic parenchyma (liver tissue). It develops when the liver becomes infected — either through the bloodstream, through the biliary tract, or by direct spread from an adjacent infected organ. Untreated liver abscesses carry a mortality rate of up to 100%, but with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment — which almost always includes drainage — survival rates exceed 90–95%. According to data from PubMed/NCBI, liver abscesses account for a significant proportion of intra-abdominal infections in India, with amoebic liver abscess being particularly prevalent due to endemic Entamoeba histolytica infection. Types of Liver Abscess Type Causative Agent Key Features Common in Delhi? Pyogenic Liver Abscess Bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus) Often multiple, smaller abscesses; higher mortality if untreated; associated with biliary disease, bowel infection, or bacteremia Yes — very common Amoebic Liver Abscess Entamoeba histolytica (a parasitic protozoan) Usually single, large abscess in right lobe; “anchovy paste” pus; associated with prior amoebiasis; highly responsive to metronidazole Yes — most common type in India Fungal Liver Abscess Candida species, Aspergillus Multiple tiny abscesses; occurs in immunocompromised patients (HIV, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant) Less common Tuberculous Liver Abscess Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rare; part of disseminated TB; associated with caseating granulomas Occasional Symptoms and Diagnosis of Liver Abscess in Delhi Liver abscesses present with a characteristic clinical picture that should prompt urgent evaluation. Common symptoms include: High-grade fever (often spiking to 39–40°C) with or without chills — the most consistent symptom Right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain — dull, aching pain in the right side of the abdomen, often radiating to the right shoulder Tender, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) on physical examination Loss of appetite and weight loss — especially in subacute presentations Nausea and vomiting Jaundice — seen in pyogenic abscesses when the biliary system is involved Cough and right-sided chest pain — when the abscess is near the diaphragm and causes reactive pleural effusion General malaise and fatigue How Is Liver Abscess Diagnosed? Diagnosis combines clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, and imaging: Blood tests: Raised WBC (leukocytosis), elevated ESR and CRP (inflammatory markers), elevated ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and transaminases, hypoalbuminemia in chronic cases, positive blood cultures in pyogenic abscess Serology: Amoeba serology (anti-amoebic antibodies) — positive in >90% of amoebic liver abscess cases Ultrasound abdomen: First-line imaging — detects hypoechoic or complex hepatic collections with high sensitivity. Our high-resolution ultrasound at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar provides detailed characterization of the abscess CT scan abdomen (contrast-enhanced): The gold standard imaging — precisely characterizes the abscess (size, location, lobar distribution, proximity to vessels, biliary involvement), aids procedural planning for drainage, and detects complications. Available at our Delhi center MRI liver: Used for equivocal cases or when CT contrast is contraindicated; distinguishes abscess from cystic tumors and hemangiomas Diagnostic aspiration: Guided aspiration of pus for Gram stain, culture and sensitivity, microscopy for Entamoeba, and anaerobic culture — definitive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure Liver Abscess Drainage — The Minimally Invasive Standard of Care Image-guided liver abscess drainage has replaced open surgical drainage as the primary treatment modality for most liver abscesses. The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and major hepatology guidelines now recommend image-guided percutaneous drainage as first-line treatment for abscesses greater than 3–5 cm, for those not responding to antibiotics alone, and for all pyogenic abscesses requiring source control. Advantages of Image-Guided Liver Abscess Drainage Over Surgery Performed under local anaesthesia — no general anaesthesia risk, suitable for medically compromised patients Minimally invasive — a small skin nick (2–5 mm) versus a large surgical incision Real-time imaging guidance — ultrasound or CT ensures needle placement precisely within the abscess, avoiding critical structures Lower morbidity and mortality compared to surgical drainage Shorter hospital stay — typically 3–7 days versus 10–14 days for surgical management Faster recovery — patients can mobilize the same day Diagnostic AND therapeutic — the drained pus is sent for culture and sensitivity, guiding antibiotic selection How Liver Abscess Drainage Is Performed at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics Step 1: Pre-Procedure Planning (CT or Ultrasound) Our interventional radiologist reviews the patient’s latest imaging to determine the abscess size, precise location (segment of the liver, proximity to hepatic veins, portal vein, bile ducts, and gallbladder), the safest needle trajectory avoiding major blood vessels and bowel, and whether the abscess is suitable for needle aspiration alone or requires catheter drainage (pigtail catheter placement). Step 2: Patient Positioning and Skin Preparation The patient is positioned supinely or in slight left lateral decubitus (depending on abscess location and planned approach). The right upper quadrant of the abdomen is cleaned thoroughly with antiseptic solution and draped with sterile covers. Vital sign monitoring is initiated. Step 3: Local Anaesthesia A generous amount of 2% lidocaine (with or without adrenaline) is infiltrated through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and down to the liver capsule to achieve adequate local anaesthesia. Intravenous sedation may be offered for anxious patients. Step 4: Image-Guided Needle Placement Under continuous real-time ultrasound guidance (or CT guidance for deep or posteriorly located abscesses), a drainage needle (typically 18–20 gauge) or trocar is advanced through the abdominal wall into the center of the abscess. The operator visualizes the needle tip at all times to ensure

Fetal reduction, also known as multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR), is a specialized obstetric procedure performed in carefully selected cases of higher-order multiple pregnancies (triplets, quadruplets, or more) to reduce the number of fetuses in the uterus. The primary goal is to significantly improve the health outcomes — and even survival — of the remaining fetuses and to reduce the serious maternal and fetal risks associated with carrying a large number of fetuses simultaneously. At Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar, West Delhi, our experienced fetal medicine specialists perform this highly sensitive procedure with the utmost clinical precision, ethical care, and emotional support. Our center serves families from Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Moti Nagar, Kirti Nagar, and Janakpuri, offering expert fetal reduction services within a compassionate, confidential environment. This guide provides a complete medical overview of fetal reduction — including its indications, procedure, risks, outcomes, preparation, and aftercare. What Is Fetal Reduction? Understanding the Medical Procedure Fetal reduction (multifetal pregnancy reduction) is an ultrasound-guided procedure typically performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Under continuous ultrasound visualization, a fine needle is introduced — usually transabdominally — and a small dose of potassium chloride (KCl) is injected into the fetal cardiac region, causing cessation of cardiac activity in the selected fetus. The reduced fetus is then naturally resorbed by the body over several weeks. The procedure is most commonly performed to reduce triplets or higher-order multiples to twins, or twins to a singleton, in carefully selected cases. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and evidence published in peer-reviewed journals, MFPR significantly reduces rates of preterm birth, extremely low birth weight, cerebral palsy, and neonatal mortality in surviving fetuses when triplets or higher-order multiples are reduced to twins. Why Fetal Reduction May Be Recommended — Medical Indications The decision to undergo fetal reduction is one of the most difficult a couple may face during pregnancy. Our fetal medicine team at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics carefully evaluates each case on its individual medical, obstetric, and personal merits. Fetal reduction is typically considered in the following situations: Higher-Order Multiple Pregnancy The dramatic increase in IVF and assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Delhi and across India has led to a rise in multiple pregnancies. Triplet and higher-order pregnancies carry significant risks to both mother and babies. Research indexed on PubMed/NCBI demonstrates that approximately 75% of triplet pregnancies deliver before 35 weeks, compared to 50% of twin pregnancies and only 10% of singleton pregnancies. This prematurity carries significant risks of neonatal intensive care requirements, long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, and infant mortality. Specific Medical Indications for Fetal Reduction Triplet or higher-order multiple pregnancy: Whether naturally conceived or resulting from IVF/ART — the most common indication Twin pregnancy with a severely anomalous fetus: One twin is found to have a major structural or chromosomal abnormality (e.g., anencephaly, severe cardiac defect, Trisomy 18) that is incompatible with life or severely life-limiting, while the co-twin is normal Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) complications: In rare, severe cases where selective reduction is the only available option Severe maternal health conditions: Where carrying a multiple pregnancy would pose a life-threatening risk to the mother (uterine anomalies, prior uterine surgery, severe cardiac or pulmonary disease) Discordant anomaly in a multiple pregnancy: One fetus has a condition requiring early delivery or posing a major risk to the healthy co-twin(s) Medical Outcomes Data — Why Fetal Reduction Improves Pregnancy Outcomes Outcome Measure Triplets (No Reduction) Triplets Reduced to Twins Triplets Reduced to Singleton Delivery before 28 weeks (extreme prematurity) ~15% ~5% ~1-2% Delivery before 32 weeks ~25% ~10% ~3% Delivery before 37 weeks (any preterm) ~75% ~55% ~15% Average birth weight ~1,600g ~2,100g ~3,000g NICU admission rate ~65% ~40% ~8% Pregnancy loss rate ~15% ~8% ~5% Data compiled from published MFPR outcome studies (Evans et al., NEJM; Antsaklis et al., BJOG). Figures are approximate and represent population averages; individual outcomes depend on gestational age, technical factors, and maternal health. The Fetal Reduction Procedure at Edge Imaging and Diagnostics, Raghubir Nagar Timing: When Is Fetal Reduction Performed? Fetal reduction is most commonly performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. This timing has important clinical rationales: by 11–14 weeks, first-trimester nuchal translucency ultrasound screening and early anomaly detection can identify any fetuses with increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities or structural defects — allowing the team to preferentially reduce the most affected fetus while preserving the healthiest ones. Additionally, at this stage, the uterus is accessible via the abdominal route, and the spontaneous pregnancy loss rate (natural miscarriage) has already dropped to its lowest level. Pre-Procedure Assessment Before fetal reduction, our team performs a comprehensive ultrasound evaluation of all fetuses to assess: gestational age and crown-rump length (CRL) of each fetus, nuchal translucency (NT) measurement, fetal cardiac activity, early anatomical survey for gross structural abnormalities, placental positions, and chorionicity (whether twins share a placenta). This information is critical for selecting which fetus or fetuses to reduce — generally, the most technically accessible fetus with the highest NT or any detected anomaly is selected. Step-by-Step Procedure Details The fetal reduction procedure at our Delhi center is performed as follows: Patient is positioned supine (lying on her back) on the procedure table Ultrasound assessment is performed to identify the selected fetus and confirm the optimal needle entry site, taking care to avoid placental vessels and the other fetuses Skin preparation: The maternal abdomen is cleaned with antiseptic solution under strict aseptic conditions Local anaesthesia (2% lidocaine) is administered to the skin and subcutaneous tissue at the needle insertion site Under continuous ultrasound guidance, a fine-gauge needle (20–22 gauge) is advanced transabdominally through the uterine wall and into the thorax (chest) of the selected fetus Potassium chloride (KCl) — typically 1–3 mL of 1–2 mEq/mL solution — is injected slowly into the fetal cardiac region while the operator monitors the fetal heart rate in real time Cessation of fetal cardiac activity is confirmed by observing the heartbeat stop on ultrasound — this is